Download A BRIEF HISTORY of Europe, Canada, Latin America, & Australia

A BRIEF HISTORY
of Europe, Canada, Latin America, &
Australia
Europe’s effort to colonize the world
KEY EXPLORERS
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portugal established the earliest of the modern European colonial empires, and it
all started with Prince Henry the Navigator, son of Portugal’s king. Henry sent
more than 50 expeditions down the west coast of Africa, and established a School
of Navigation, where students learned about astronomy, navigation, and
cartography (mapmaking).
Columbus
In the 1490s, the Spanish gave Christopher Columbus ships to search for a
passage across the Atlantic Ocean to Asia. His first discoveries were the
Bahamas, although he thought he was in Asia. His discovery of this “New
World” later brought enormous wealth to Spain.
Cortez (Aztecs and Montezuma)
Hernan Cortez, a Spanish conquistador, is famous for conquering the Aztec
Empire in Mexico. In 1519, Cortez led an army to Mexico, befriended local
enemies of the Aztec, marched to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, and captured
Aztec leader Montezuma II.
Pizarro (Incas and Atahualpa)
Another conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, is famous for bringing down the Inca
Empire in South America. In 1532, Pizarro captured and later killed Atahualpa,
the last ruler of the Inca empire.
Causes of European Exploration
Looking for new markets (people) to sell their manufactured good. Because of
the Industrial Revolution, Europe is making more goods than ever before and
they need to find more people to sell things to
Looking to more natural resources to “feed” the factories back in Europe.
More natural resources = more wealth
Spread culture and religion
PRIDE (who’s got the biggest Empire)
Colonization/ to colonize
Act of directly settling and ruling
conquered territories
Imperialism
Policy of Empire building; stronger
countries gain control of weaker one
politically and economically
Australia’s Colonization
Reasons –
Remote location for Prison Colony (American Revolution meant the British couldn’t
send prisoners to Georgia anymore)
Provided base for a trade route to Asia
Didn’t want France to get it (already had most of SE Asia)
“Scramble for Africa”
The Scramble for Africa, between 1885 and 1910, resulted from European economic
and political development. During this period, European countries divided the continent
of Africa among themselves. These countries included Great Britain, France, Portugal,
Spain, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. No major nation wanted to be without
colonies. Colonies in Africa and Asia made the Europeans feel pride in their country.
This love for country is called nationalism.
Canada’s Colonization
The English and the French explored and established settlements across North America.
As the French and English gained more land throughout North America, they became
rivals. This rivalry led to the French and Indian War. When France lost the war in 1763,
Great Britain gained control of Canada.
Latin America’s colonization
The colonization of Latin America can closely be aligned to the colonization of North
America. The region experienced a massive loss of indigenous peoples through
warfare and more importantly, diseases brought by the Europeans. The slave trade
fueled the labor in all of Latin America.
Trace the Empires of Spain, Portugal, France, and the UK
Color the Empires
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
FRANCE
UK
Impact of Europe Colonization…
…on Latin American
Columbian Exchange – exchange of goods and ideas between Latin America and
Europe
-- Food
-- Ideas
-- Animals (ex: the horse)
-- Disease
The Europeans brought some improvements to the new land, but they also brought
war and destruction in their quest to colonize the Americas. In particular, weapons
and horses played a key role in the later struggle between Europeans and
indigenous Americans for land and power.
An unfortunate result of the Columbian Exchange was the introduction of diseases
unknown to the people of the Americas. These people had few defenses against
serious illnesses such as small pox and measles. These very contagious diseases
hit the native people hard and reduced their population by millions.
Part of the Columbian Exchange between Europe and the Americas included the
A.Movement of many indigenous Americans to Europe.
B.Movement of goods on shipping routes across the Pacific.
C.Introduction of new crops to Europe and the Americas.*
D.Introduction of mass production and factory buildings to the Americas.
…on Australia
The most damaging things the Europeans brought to Australia were diseases.
Smallpox, for instance, was a new disease for the Aborigines. They had no
immunity to the disease. It is estimated that half of the Aborigines died of diseases
brought by the Europeans.
The British guns gave the colonists a major advantage in fights. Many Aboriginal
people living near settlements were killed or forced to leave. Those Aboriginal
people who survived British expansion often tried to remain near their original
homeland.
Colonizers affect on Culture
European countries sent more than just people to their new colonies.
With those people came languages, religions, beliefs and ideas.
These new ideas had a profound impact on the colonized people of
the Americas and Australia.
European Country
Colony
Ideas
Portugal
Brazil
Portuguese Language
Catholic Religion
Spain
Mexico
Cuba
Spanish Language
Catholic Religion
Great Britain
Canada
Australia
English Language
Christian Religion
France
Canada
French Language
Catholic Religion
The religion practiced and languages spoken
throughout much of Latin America are similar
because the people were
A.From the same indigenous group
B.From the same country in Asia
C.Colonized by the same countries*
D.One independent nation
Why did so many aborigines die from diseases
after European colonization of Australia?
A.Europeans brought new diseases to
Australia*
B.Eating habits changed
C.An increased need for sewage facilities
D.A shortage of soap
The African slave trade grew because European
nations wanted the captured Africans
A.To work in the new factories.
B.To replace the labor of the serfs.
C.To work on the plantations in their colonies.*
D.To increase the number of soldiers in their
armies.
One impact of the African Slave Trade included
A.Further blending of ethnic groups in Latin
America.*
B.More opportunities for Africans to own land.
C.Less shipping between continents.
D.Africans brought their French and English
languages to Latin America.
Independence Movements
CANADA
While many of Great Britain’s colonies fought for their freedom, Canada was
able to gain its independence through peaceful means. Canada became part of
Great Britain in 1763, after Britain’s defeat of France in the French and Indian
War. Under British rule, Canadian settlers continued expanding west. The British
North America Act of 1867 combined the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Ontario and Quebec into a new country called the Dominion of Canada.
This new country, which was part of the British Commonwealth, was allowed
to have its own parliament and prime minister, but it had to be part the United
Kingdom’s military and shared a monarch with Great Britain. This arrangement
worked until WWI, when many Canadian soldiers lost their lives fighting for the
UK. Canadians decided they wanted more control over foreign affairs. In 1931,
British Parliament granted independence to Canada. The final links between
British Parliament and the Canadian government were broken in 1982. The two
countries still share the same monarch.
Quebec
In the 200+ years since the Quebec Act of 1774, Canada’s government has
continued to pass laws to help Quebec’s citizens preserve their language and
culture. For example, Canada is bilingual, and Canadian law guarantees the right
to preserve one’s cultural heritage. There are some people, called separatists,
who want Quebec to be an independent country. The people have voted on the
issue twice, and have decided to remain part of Canada.
LATIN AMERICA
The governments of Spain and Portugal ruled most of Latin America for nearly
300 years. At times, the people who were being ruled by the Europeans grew
restless. They thought about what it would be like to be free. The American and
French Revolutions in the late 1700s encouraged Latin Americans in the belief
that they might be able to overcome their European rulers. Three men in
particular are recognized as leaders of the Latin American independence
movement. These men are Miguel Hidalgo of Mexico, Toussaint L’Ouverture of
Haiti, and Simon Bolivar of South America. Read a brief history of each leader in
the table on the next page.
Manuel
Hidalgo
(1752-1811)
Mexico
Mexican priest and revolutionary, educated at Valladolid (now Morelia, Mexico). In
1803 was given charge of the parish of Dolores, in Guanajuato. Padre Hidalgo
worked to improve the economic conditions of his parishioners, mostly Indians, by
teaching them to cultivate vineyards and operate small industries such as brick
making. In 1809 he joined a secret society dedicated to freeing Mexico from the
oppression of the Spanish colonial government. On Sept. 16, 1810, he issued a call
for independence, the Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores); he proclaimed a crusade and
was joined by thousands of Mexicans. He captured Guanajuato and Guadalajara in
October, but although he had the advantage, he failed to march on Mexico City. On
Jan. 11, 1811, his army was routed near Guadalajara by a small force of Spanish
soldiers. Hidalgo fled north but was captured and shot. After the establishment of the
Mexican republic in 1824, the priest was regarded almost as a saint. The state of
Hidalgo was named for him, and the town of Dolores became Dolores Hidalgo.
September 16, the day on which he proclaimed his revolt, is celebrated as Mexico's
Independence Day.
Toussaint
L’Ouverture
(1743-1803)
Haiti
Haitian general, now known as "the Precursor." Born of slave parents near CapFrançais, Saint-Domingue (now Cap-Haïtien, Haiti), Toussaint was self-educated. He
acted as physician to the insurgent army during the 1791 black slave uprising against
the French colonial regime. After France abolished slavery in the territory in 1794,
Toussaint supported the French rulers of the country against British invaders and was
made a general in 1795. In 1801 he succeeded, after many struggles, in liberating
Saint-Domingue from French control and became president for life of a new republic.
In 1802 Napoleon sent troops to subdue the Haitians. Toussaint was defeated,
captured, and accused of conspiracy. He was taken to France, where he was
imprisoned and died the next year. He is honored today as one of the founders and
heroes of Haiti.
Simon
Bolivar
(17831830)
South
America
South American soldier and statesman, who was the principal leader in the struggle
for South American independence from Spain. Bolívar was born in Venezuela, and
was educated by private tutors in Caracas, and also in Spain. He established a
revolutionary government at Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar), and he was elected
president of Venezuela. In 1819 Bolívar's army crossed the Andes Mountains into
New Granada (now Colombia), defeating the Spanish at Boyacá, thus ending royalist
rule there. Bolívar, with a vision of a united Spanish America, secured independence
for Quito (now Ecuador) in 1822, which then became part of Colombia. To preserve
the independence of the new nations Bolívar initiated a series of conferences in 1826.
Bolívar sought unsuccessfully to maintain the political unity of the republic of
Colombia. He resigned the presidency of the republic in August 1828, and then
assumed dictatorial control the next month. Unable to pacify contending factions, he
relinquished power on April 27, 1830. He died on December 17 of that year, a
defeated, disillusioned, and hated man. Today, however, the memory of Bolívar is
revered throughout South America.
The 20th Century (1900-1999)
Russian Revolution
For centuries, Russia was an autocracy ruled by a series of powerful and wealthy
czars. The last of the czars was Nicholas II. Russia lost many soldiers and
resources during WWI. Russian citizens, homeless and hungry, became
increasingly unhappy with the czar, but he did not see the need to change the way
he ran the country. In early 1917, riots broke out in the streets. Protestors
outnumbered police. The army began turning against its rulers, and the czar’s
family was captured and executed. Communists, led by Vladimir Lenin, took
control. Communism seemed like a viable option for the starving and powerless
people of Russia. The Communists reorganized the country and renamed it the
Soviet Union. The new Soviet Union signed a peace treaty with Germany, and
gave up a large amount of its land.
Which was the cause of the Russian Revolution?
A.The czar was executed.
B.There were food shortages in Russia.*
C.The Germans showed signs of surrender.
D.Soldiers did not know how to use their weapons.
WWI (World War I) – 1914-1918
Alliances of WWI
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Great Britain
France
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
What is the “spark” the starts WWI?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Who won WWI?
The Allied Powers (though both sides sustained heavy losses in this war of attrition)
Causes of WWI
While one event “sparked” the beginning of WWI, decades of rivalry and tension among European
nations led up to that moment in 1914.
The Industrial
Revolution
Demand (and
competition) for raw
materials, markets and
cheap labor
Tense environment of
competition and military
build-up
European powers
expanded into
Africa, Asia and
the Middle East
By late 1800’s most of
the world was divided
into colonies by
Europeans
Fierce rivalries developed
between European
countries over their
territories
European countries
built up armies and
navies to protect
their territories
European countries
signed treaties agreeing
to help one another in
case of an attack.
Outbreak of World War I
(1914-1918)
Key Terms to
Remember
Nationalism – love of
one’s country
Militarism – using strong
armies and threats of war
Alliance – agreement
between countries to
support each other
against a common threat
or enemy (“I got your
back.”)
Causes of WWI (Continued)
Effects of WWI (and Causes of WWII)
The Treaty of Versailles explained what the winners would gain
and what the losers would lose. Many of the leaders of the
‘winning’ countries blamed Germany for WWI. They wanted the
Germans punished severely. Germany was ordered to pay
extensive reparations to the Allies, lost important territory
(including all of its colonies), and was forced to reduce the size of
its military.
WWI left Europe economically weak. Many countries were in
debt. Entire cities needed to be rebuilt. WWI Allies Britain and
France borrowed heavily from the United States to cover their war
debts and attempt to rebuild.
The 20th Century (1900-1999)
WWII (World War II) – 1939-1945
Causes of WWII (and Effects of WWI continued)
In 1929, the United States experienced a stock market crash. Businesses could no
longer sell their goods because people had less money to spend. Businesses could
not pay their debts, which led to closures and job loss. The US economy came to
a screeching halt. When the US stopped buying goods, it hurt businesses in other
countries. When US banks closed, banks in other countries suffered. This chain
reaction led to a worldwide economic depression. As businesses and factories
closed one by one, buying and selling almost stopped.
Rise of Nazism
Germany faced many problems after WWI. It had lost lands with valuable natural
resources, and the country’s industries and farms had been destroyed. The
country needed to be rebuilt, but Germany was also faced with repaying the
Allies for the war. These problems opened the door for the rise of Nazism as
Adolf Hitler promised to end unemployment and poverty, and bring Germany
back to a state of power. The Nazis said they could fix the problems in Germany.
They blamed the Treaty of Versailles for many of the problems, and blamed Jews
for the fact that Germans were not able to make a good living. As Hitler’s
strength grew, he made plans to go to war, and began sending troops into
neighboring countries.
Alliances of WWII
Allied Powers
VS.
Axis Powers
Great Britain
France
Russia
United States
Germany
Italy
Japan
What’s the “spark” that starts WWII?
Germany invades Poland in 1939
Who wins WWII?
The Allied Powers
Holocaust
As part of Hitler’s plan to conquer the world, he began the systematic killing of every Jew – man, woman, and child –
under Nazi rule. This planned mass murder is called genocide. The Nazis imprisoned Jews in certain sections of cities,
made them wear special identifying arm bands, and separated them from their families. This was only the beginning. The
Nazis built concentration camps and sent Jews from the cities to these camps. Many were immediately herded into
showers, which were nothing more than gas chambers that could kill as many as 2,000 people at a time. Thousands more
died from forced labor, little food, and exposure to the summer heat and winter cold. By the end of WWII, more than 6
million Jews were dead.
While Jews were the largest group of Hitler’s victims, they were not the only group persecuted during the Holocaust.
Hitler targeted anyone he felt was inferior: the mentally ill, the disabled, political prisoners, homosexuals, and gypsies.
When the Allies gained control of the camps at the end of WWII, the survivors of the Holocaust had no place to go. Many
had no living family members, and were trapped in the country of their oppressors. The United Nations divided Palestine
into an Arab state and a Jewish state, Israel.
What is genocide?
A.The division of Palestine into Arab and
Jewish states
B.The planned killing of a race of people*
C.Forced labor or slavery
D.Relocation of people
What actions did the United Nations take as a
result of the Holocaust?
A.Divided Palestine and Germany
B.Defeated Hitler and freed the Jews
C.Helped the Jews find jobs and shelter
D.Created a Jewish state and made genocide a
crime*
Which of the following is NOT a reason Hitler
and the Nazis came to power?
A.Hitler promised to rebuild Germany’s
military.
B.Hitler protected the civil rights of all German
citizens.*
C.The Treaty of Versailles angered Germans.
D.Hitler said he would get back Germany’s lost
land.
Who was spared in the Holocaust?
A.Men
B.Women
C.Children
D.None of the Above*
The 20th Century (1900-1999)
Effects of the WWII
Rebuilding Europe
World War II caused more deaths and destruction than any other war in history.
About 50 million people died. Much of Europe was in ruins after the war. Bombs
had destroyed homes, schools, hospitals, and office buildings. The United States
started an aid program called the Marshall Plan, which gave billions of dollars to
help European countries rebuild their cities.
Origins of the Cold War
Differences of opinion between the United States wanting to rebuild European
states with democratic governments and free-market economies and the Soviet
Union wanting communist governments with centralized economic and political
systems led to the Cold War.
The Cold War is a term is used to describe the tension and rivalry between
communist and non-communist countries. An “Iron Curtain” fell between
communist countries, led by the Soviet Union, and non-communist countries, led
by the United States.
After WWII, the Soviet Union was still a strong nation despite its losses. It had
taken over parts of Eastern Europe, and leaders of democratic nations wanted to
prevent the Soviet Union from spreading its power beyond Eastern Europe.
The United States needed strong allies to create a balance of power between East
and West. In 1949, the US and 13 other non-communist countries formed the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Warsaw Pact was a similar
agreement made between the Soviet Union and Eastern European nations.
Each side in this Cold War thought the other was trying to rule the world. Neither
side gave up, and people lived in fear that another world war might erupt.
Rise of the Super Powers
The US and the Soviet Union, which fought on the same side during WWII, and were both on the
winning side, became bitter enemies engaged in an extremely tense time of political hostility and
nuclear build-up.
As the Cold War continued, the US and the Soviet Union increased their area of influence. More
countries allied with each. The US and the Soviet Union had the ability to influence world events and
project worldwide power. The countries were evenly matched. The world took sides – communist or
democracy, socialist or free market.
As a world superpower, the Soviet
Union had
A.Support from NATO
B.The largest navy in the world.
C.Strong ties with Latin America
D.A seat on the UN Security Council *
As a world superpower, the United
States had
A.The KGB, a spy network.
B.Military bases all over the world*
C.Influence over communist
dictatorships
D.The second-largest economy in the
world
Cuban Revolution – 1959
For the first half of the 20th century, Americans owned a large amount of land
in Cuba, and most of Cuba’s sugar cane crop was sold to the US. In 1959,
Fidel Castro led a group of rebels against the unpopular Cuban ruler Fulgencio
Batista. Castro took over Cuba, set up a Communist government, the only one
in the western hemisphere. In 1960, Castro’s government seized US property
in Cuba. The US responded by placing an economic embargo on Cuba. The
Soviet Union became friends with Cuba, supplying weapons and other goods
to Cuba.
A lasting impact of the Cuban Revolution has been less political freedom for
Cubans. While Cubans received benefits such as improved hospitals and
schools from the Castro regime, most parts of their lives were controlled by
the government. Cuba is one of the least free countries in the world.
The 20th Century (1900-1999)
Fall of the Soviet Union / End of the Cold War
The Soviets influenced other communist countries and dictatorships around the world. They occupied the largest country in the
world, had the third largest population, and second-largest economy. They had one of the largest stockpiles of nuclear weapons
in the world.
As the Cold War continued, however, the Soviet Union was spending more and more of its resources in three major areas:
putting down revolts within its country, protecting its borders, and keeping up with the US in the arms race. By 1985, the
economy was so unstable that Mikhail Gorbachev, the head of the Soviet Union, reduced government control of business and
increased freedoms for Soviet citizens. These actions helped improve relations with the US, and inspired people in other
Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact) countries to demand freedom from communist rule.
After the Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989, the Soviet republics that had once been separate countries began seeking their
independence too. The Soviet Union was no more.
Why did Gorbachev reduce
government control of the economy?
A.citizens demanded more personal
freedom
B.other Eastern bloc countries were
reducing control
C.an unstable economy due to
increased military spending*
D.he felt like it
What marked the end of the Cold
War?
A.The rule of Gorbachev
B.The creation of Russia
C.The break-up of the Soviet
Union
D.The destruction of the Berlin
Wall*
German Reunification and the Fall of the Berlin Wall – 1989
At the end of WWII, the Allies divided Germany into four sections to keep it from
regaining power. The US, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union each
controlled a section. In 1948, the Western Allies wanted to reunite Germany, but
the Soviets disagreed. The Soviets declared their section of the country East
Germany; the reunited sections became West Germany. Even the capital of Berlin
in East Germany was divided into East and West. Many people tried to escape into
the Western part of Berlin. In 1961, communist leaders built the Berlin Wall,
which separated the communist part of the city from the free sections.Over the
next few decades, the democratic West Germany prospered while communist East
Germany deteriorated.
As the Soviet Union collapsed in the 1980s, the Soviet hold on East Germany
weakened. In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down, and Germany
began the process of reunifying. People around the world celebrated. East and
West Germany were made one country in 1990.
Zapatista Movement in Mexico
The Zapatistas are a group of Mexicans who support improved rights and living
conditions for Mexico’s indigenous people. The group is named for Emiliano
Zapata, who lived in the early 20th century and fought for the rights of native
people. In the late 20th century, the Zapatistas were known for harassment and
sabotage against the government.
When NAFTA came into effect in 1994, some people in Mexico did not like the
plan. They thought NAFTA would allow cheap farm goods to come into Mexico
from the US. The farmers in Mexico would not be able to compete with the
cheaper food. On the day NAFTA took effect, the Zapatistas took over several
towns in their part of Mexico. The army was sent in to remove them. Fighting
lasted several weeks, and ended in a cease-fire. The Zapatistas did not go away,
however. They have control of some small parts of southern Mexico, and continue
to argue that the indigenous people of Mexico need more help to improve health
care, housing, education and jobs.