Download 1.Treaty of Versailles-2015 - OngbyHistorySec2-2015

End of World War I
• The end of WWI started with the US entry into the
war in 1917, declaring war on Germany.
• By then, Germany had suffered severe losses. The
people were starving, chaos on the streets, property
and lives destroyed.
• To prevent further losses, the German government
sought armistice from the Allies, thus ending the
war in 1918.
Post World War One
New World Order? How? By whom?
“The War that changed the World”
The tangible legacy of the WW1
• Million of soldiers & civilians killed or
wounded
• War Costs : 338 billion with towns and
land destroyed in Europe and Russia
Collapse of the Empires
• Breakup of Austrian Hungarian Empire
• Ottoman Empire Dissolved
• Russian Empire
• German Losses
Collapse of the Empires
• Breakup of Austrian Hungarian Empire
–
–
–
–
Austria and Hungary become independent nations
Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia were formed
Italy and Romania gained land
Austria had to reduce its army and was forbidden
to ally with Germany (“Anschluss”)
Ottoman Empire Dissolved
• Turkey becomes independent
• Most of the Arab nations were put under the
control of Britain and France Mandates
Russian and German Empire
• Russian and German Losses
• Other nations formed: Poland, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Peace Treaties
• Postwar Settlements
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG6U9l
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AK3X4
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The Treaty of Versailles
• Also known as the Paris Peace Settlement
(1919)
• Sealed the fate of Germany
• Formation of the League of Nations.
Impact of World War I
Effects of World War I on Europe
- Formation and aims of the League of Nations
- Impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and
the creation of new states
Rise of Nazism
Factors leading to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany
- discontent with the Treaty of Versailles
- weak leadership in the Weimar Republic
Adapted with materials from VS, Tan JL & Marshall Cavendish
Why did the ‘Big Three’
have different intentions?
•
•
•
•
•
Lost 1.4 million men in the war — workforce had almost been wiped out.
Experienced great destruction and suffering.
World War I was the second time France was invaded by Germany.
People wanted harsh and vindictive punishment for Germany.
Georges Clemenceau’s intention was to punish — make Germany pay for the
destruction and suffering caused by the invasion and cripple Germany so that it
would not happen again.
•
•
•
•
•
The fiercest fighting did not take place on its land.
Losses not as great compared to France.
Did not feel as aggrieved as the French.
Seeking stern justice and deterrence, not vengeance.
David Lloyd-George’s intention was to deter Germany from starting. another
war and achieve a severe but not overly-harsh justice.
USA
•
•
Woodrow
Wilson
•
Not at the forefront of the war and did not suffer heavy casualties.
Its people were comparatively oblivious to World War I as it was, strictly
speaking, not their war.
Woodrow Wilson was idealistic. His intention was to champion peace, the
principle of self-determination and democracy — Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
France
Georges
Clemenceau
Britain
David LloydGeorge
George Clemenceau (France)
Make Germany PAY!!
They are responsible for all our losses for the past 4 years.
Germany has attacked us twice in 40 years. We must cripple
them so bad that they cannot do any more harm to us.
They must return Alsace-Lorraine to us.
Germany must pay Reparations to France to cover the cost
of rebuilding France.
France should be allowed to take possession of the
Rhineland so that France can stop Germany from attacking
her in future.
David Lloyd George (Britain)
In my earlier campaign, I
have promised the people
that we will punish Germany.
I must fulfil my word or I’ll lose
support.
Personally, I prefer not
to treat Germany to harshly or it
could spell to more trouble. She
should be able to recover and
self-sustain. But since I have
gave my word…
“Make Germany Pay”
and
"Squeeze them until
the pips squeak”
“Hang the Kaiser!”
We will have our
REVENGE
On
Germany!!
Woodrow Wilson
(USA)
Woodrow
Wilson
(USA)
My legacy…can be summed up in
Fourteen points
i). Self determination- that people of
Europe should be allowed to decide
their own future
ii). Democracy - Let the people have a
say on how to run their country.
iii) Formation of the League of Nations
- collective monitoring body to stop
or prevent impending conflicts.
iv) Don’t be too harsh on Germany.
What did the Germans hope for?
• No compensation, just a fresh start.
– New government was not the one responsible for the war.
– The German economy was also devastated by the war.
• Support for new democratic government.
– Should not bear harsh punishment for what the former
authoritarian Kaiser did.
– Work together for peace, founded on a firm basis of democracy.
• Principle of self-determination to apply to Germany.
– The country would remain a united nation.
What did the Germans get?
• The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles:
Territorial losses
War guilt clause
Military cut-down
Reparation
or Compensation
The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]
The first 26 Articles of the Treaty set out the Covenant of the League of
Nations; the rest of the 440 Articles detailed Germany's punishment:
1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war (Clause 231).
This was vital because it provided the justification for...
2. Germany had to pay £6,600 million (called Reparations) for the
damage done during the war.
3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. Navy with
only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men. In addition,
Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of
land, 50 miles wide, next to France.
4. Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map, below). Germany’s
colonies were given to Britain and France.
War Guilt Clause
• Germany to bear full responsibility for the
war and compensate for it.
• She was to pay reparations totalling £6,600
million.
Financially-crippling
and kept Germany poor
for many years
Article 231, Treaty of Versailles
The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany
accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing
all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated
Governments and their nationals have been subjected to as a
consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of
Germany and her allies… Germany has to pay compensation to
the Allies,… failing which the Allies will have the right to
occupy its territories.
• New German government to
accept and bear the
responsibility for the war.
• Germany totally responsible for
the war.
• Germany to be responsible for
the losses of the Allied Powers.
• Thus Germany has to pay
compensation.
War Guilt Clause
ARTICLE 231.
“The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and
Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her
allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the
Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals
have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed
upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.”
What is the implication of this clause?
What effects did it have on Germany?
Reparations
• Germany was made to agree to pay Reparations to the
Allies for all of the damage caused by the war; these
came to £6,600 million
Military deaths/losses (Estimated)
- Germany 2,000,000
- France 1,358,000
- Great Britain 761,210
- Turkey 375,000
Russia
1,700,000
Austria-Hungary 1,000,000
Italy
460,000
USA
114,095
Do you think it was justified for Germany to pay so
much based on the losses each country incurred?
Military cut-down
• Size of German army

Restricted to 100,000
professional soldiers.

Ensured that Germany
would never be able to build
up a large reserve force that
it could call up in the event
of war.
• Wartime weapons

All were to be destroyed.
• Conscription

Prohibited to prevent
build-up of armed forces.
Military cut-down
• War machines
• Demilitarised zone

No air force, submarines or
tanks.

The Navy was limited to six
battleships and a few
smaller ships.

No German military forces
were allowed to be stationed
in the Rhineland, an area
along Germany’s western
borders with France.

Instead, Allied troops would
occupy it for 15 years and
thereafter, there was to be no
troops in the zone.
Germany had to give up:
German
territorial
losses
1. Alsace-Lorraine to France

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Crisis and Conflict: Establishing
Peace
Copyright 2006
Segments of
Germany’s
population
were divided
by new
borders and
forced to join
other nations.
Germany had to give up:
German
territorial
losses
1. Alsace-Lorraine to France
2. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium

29
Crisis and Conflict: Establishing
Peace
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Segments of
Germany’s
population
were divided
by new
borders and
forced to join
other nations.
Germany had to give up:
German
territorial
losses
1. Alsace-Lorraine to France
2. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
3. Northern Schleswig to Denmark

30
Crisis and Conflict: Establishing
Peace
Copyright 2006
Segments of
Germany’s
population
were divided
by new
borders and
forced to join
other nations.
Germany had to give up:
German
territorial
losses
1. Alsace-Lorraine to France
2. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
3. Northern Schleswig to Denmark
4. The Polish Corridor to Poland

31
Crisis and Conflict: Establishing
Peace
Copyright 2006
Segments of
Germany’s
population
were divided
by new
borders and
forced to join
other nations.
Germany had to give up:
German
territorial
losses
1. Alsace-Lorraine to France
2. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
3. Northern Schleswig to Denmark
4. The Polish Corridor to Poland
5. Part of Upper Silesia to Poland

32
Crisis and Conflict: Establishing
Peace
Copyright 2006
Segments of
Germany’s
population
were divided
by new
borders and
forced to join
other nations.
Germany had to give up:
German
territorial
losses
1. Alsace-Lorraine to France
2. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
3. Northern Schleswig to Denmark
4. The Polish Corridor to Poland
5. Part of Upper Silesia to Poland
6. Danzig, to be administered by a
new international organisation
33

Crisis and Conflict: Establishing
Peace
Copyright 2006
Segments of
Germany’s
population
were divided
by new
borders and
forced to join
other nations.
Germany had to give up:
German
territorial
losses
1. Alsace-Lorraine to France
2. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
3. Northern Schleswig to Denmark
4. The Polish Corridor to Poland
5. Part of Upper Silesia to Poland
6. Danzig, to be administered by a
new international organisation

7. Hultschin to Czechoslovakia
34
Crisis and Conflict: Establishing
Peace
Copyright 2006
Segments of
Germany’s
population
were divided
by new
borders and
forced to join
other nations.
Germany had to give up:
German
territorial
losses
1. Alsace-Lorraine to France
2. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
3. Northern Schleswig to Denmark
4. The Polish Corridor to Poland
5. Part of Upper Silesia to Poland
6. Danzig, to be administered by a
new international organisation

7. Hultschin to Czechoslovakia
8. Memel to Lithuania
35
Crisis and Conflict: Establishing
Peace
Copyright 2006
Segments of
Germany’s
population
were divided
by new
borders and
forced to join
other nations.
Loss of territory (Germany)
Loss of territories
German territorial losses
Germany also:
-lost all of its overseas colonies.
-was not allowed to form anschluss
(connection) with Austria.
-lost control of the coal-rich region,
the Saar, to the French for 15 years,
after which a plebiscite would be
organised to allow the inhabitants to
decide which country they wished to
belong to.
A dismembering of
German territories by the
Allied Powers?
The Treaty of Versailles:
War Guilt
• Sole responsibility for the war placed on
Germany’s shoulders
• Germany forced to pay the Allies £6,600
million in reparations over 30 years.
• Laid the ground work for WWII ???
Crippled military losses
Germany was forced to
• Remove all soldiers or military equipment within
30 miles of the east bank of the Rhine.
• Reduce its army to 100,000 men and was not
allowed to have conscription.
• Reduce the navy to 6 warships and was not
allowed to have any submarines.
• Destroy all of its air force.
• Rhineland was to be demilitarised.
Loss of territories
• Germany must hand over all its colonies, resulting in a 30% loss of her
land, including rich coalfields such as Saar.
• Eupen, Moresnet and Malmedy were given to Belgium
• Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France.
• Rhineland was demilitarised
• Land given to Poland became known as the "Polish Corridor" and it
separated the main part of Germany from East Prussia.
• Other new countries were created Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were formed from land
lost by Russia.
• Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire.
The Fate of Germany
• Treaty of Versailles (440 articles)
• Deemed as guilty, and made responsible for the outbreak and
costs of war.
• Lost territories
• Lost valuable income
• Hefty reparations
• Crippled militarily
• Lost of pride, faced humiliation
What’s your Verdict on the
Treaty of Versailles?
• Do you think that the verdict on Germany
was too harsh/unfair?
• Who were responsible for the outcome of
the Treaty of Versailles and what were their
intentions?
And what did Germany think
about their decisions?
The humiliation
• Apart from the lost of territories, hefty reparations,
militarily handicapped, the War Guilt Clause humiliated the
Germans.
• Worst of all, many Germans did not believe they had lost
the war, but was instead ‘betrayed’ by their own
government for surrendering even before the end of the war.
• Many Germans felt that they were ‘stabbed in the back’ by
the own politicians (whom they labelled as the “November criminals”)
• They also felt that they were not consulted about the treaty,
but forced to accept it. The TOV became known as the
“Diktat” (order or decree)
How did the Germans
react?
“The Allies have taken away everything I own.”
German President Friedrich
Ebert
47
We wanted a fair treaty and got
nothing of the sort. The
German population feels angry
and in part, humiliated by the
terms. This treaty does not
stand for right. It is a dictated
peace that will provoke fresh
hatred between the nations.
This peace will not be a peace
that will last.
Why did the Germans feel this
way?
The Allies had also
contributed to the
chain of events that
led to the war!
Why total
responsibility?
The war was the
responsibility of
Kaiser Wilhelm’s
government, not the
new democratic
government!
Why reparations?
The Germans had
suffered even more
war casualties than
the French!
Germany was in
economic crisis after
the war, how could it
afford the
compensations?
Why did the Germans feel this
way?
German people could
not choose where
they wanted to
belong. What
happened to ‘selfdetermination’?
Germany did not
surrender, why was it
not included in the
discussions at
Versailles? Why a
diktat and not
ne49gotiated peace?
Why stripping of
Germany’s land?
Why exclusion from
peace discussions and
League of Nations?
By taking away land
and the resources on
it, Germany was left
with nothing to
support industrial
growth!
The new democratic
government wanted
to work towards
permanent peace.
Why ban it from the
League of Nations?
Why did the Germans feel this way?
• Stripped of its military, the basic means to defend itself.
• Stripped of its territorial integrity with its land being
divided up and its people being forced to live within
new borders.
• Stripped of resources, colonies, trading fleet and thus
the basic means of industrial production and economic
recovery.
• Saddled with huge debts due to reparations, meaning
more hardship for the people.
• Forced to shoulder all the blame for the war.
Stabbed in the Back
• Many blamed their politicians for agreeing to the Treaty of
Versailles.
• They felt betrayed as many did not feel that Germany had lost the
war when they surrendered.
• Most of all, Germany and the defeated were not allowed consulted
when the TOV was signed.
• They called it a diktat - dictated peace
• Also, Germany joined and did not start the war but was punished
the heaviest.
• It was this very political climate which marked the birth of the
Weimar republic, the new German Government after World War I
Were the Allied Powers satisfied
with the outcome?
• The Allied leaders argued that Germany had
itself imposed even harsher terms on Russia in
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Were the Allied Powers satisfied
with the outcome?
Comparison of terms
80%
80%
70%
60%
50%
50%
40%
30%
34%
25%
20%
10%
0%
Territory lost
Population lost
Industries lost
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Coal mines lost
Were the Allied Powers satisfied
with the outcome?
Comparison of terms
80%
80%
70%
60%
50%
50%
40%
30%
20%
nearly
50%
34%
25%
13%
16%
12.5%
10%
0%
Territory lost
Population lost
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Industries lost
Treaty of Versailles
Coal mines lost
Were the Allied Powers satisfied
with the outcome?
The ‘Big Three’
Georges
Clemenceau
David LloydGeorge
(France)
(Britain)
• Felt the Treaty of
Versailles was not harsh
enough.
• Felt that the Treaty of
Versailles was harsh — ‘a
great pity’.
• Feared that France would
continue to face threats
from Germany.
• Predicted that another war
would occur because its
terms had created deep
resentment among the
Germans.
Woodrow Wilson
(USA)
• Felt the Treaty of Versailles
was too harsh.
• Agreed to the terms only
because he needed the
support of Britain and
France to form the League
of Nations.