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“In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Americans looked beyond their borders and
yearned for an empire. Merchants desired overseas markets, and adventurers
wanted another frontier to conquer. Senator Albert Beveridge voiced the
feelings of many when he proclaimed in 1900: ‘The Philippines are ours forever
. . . And just beyond the Philippines are China’s illimitable markets. We will not
retreat from either . . . The Pacific Ocean is ours.’ “ - TAJ
In George Washington’s 1796 Farewell address, he advised Americans to increase
trade with other countries but to have “as little political connection as possible.” He
warned Americans to “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign
world.”
American Foreign Policy
Isolationism
Noninvolvement
in world affairs
Many believed we should follow
a policy of isolationism. Some
pointed out that Washington
supported trade with other
countries and was not calling for
complete isolationism from the
world.
Expansionism
The United States had expanded to the West. The railroads expanded
the nation from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The
government issued a report announcing the end of the “frontier.”
To many Americans, the frontier meant
growth and opportunity.
The thought of no frontier
was alarming.
Americans began to look beyond the nation's borders to frontiers overseas
where they could expand trade and compete for political influence.
Foreign Trade
1853- Commodore Matthew
Perry was sent on a mission to
try to open trade relations with
Japan.
Treaty of
Kanagawa
Opened 2 sea ports
to American ships.
Marked greater American involvement in Asia.
An Age of Imperialism
Powerful nations create large empires by exercising economic and political control
over weaker nations. DRIVEN BY SEARCH FOR MATERIALS AND MARKETS.
Toward an
Empire
Secretary of State, William
Seward, pictured an American
empire that dominated the
Caribbean, Central America and
the Pacific.
He believed to hold this
empire together, there
would be a canal across
Central America linking
the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans.
Dreamer or Doer?
Purchase of
Alaska
Seward purchased Alaska in 1867
Signed a treaty with Russia to buy
the Russian colony for $7.2 million
“polar bear
garden”
When gold was
discovered in
Alaska, then
people started
realizing it was a
wise purchase.
“Seward’s ice
“Seward’s folly”
A Sense of
Mission
Josiah Strong
Americans believed that
they could “lift up”
people they considered
“uncivilized” by sharing
Christianity and Western
civilization with the rest
of the world.
“imperialism of
righteousness”
American Interest
in Latin America
Building Sea
Power
Alfred Thayer
Mahan
Improved and
enlarged Navy.
Protect Shipping
Access to world
markets
“Sea power is essential to
the greatness of every
splendid people.”
–Alfred Thayer Mahan
Hawaii
1867, Seward acquired the two small Pacific Islands of Midway (3,000 m. west
of CA.) Important stopping point for American ships going to China.
Needed more.
A chain or 8 large & 100 or
so smaller islands 2,000 m.
west of California.
Missionaries &
Sugar Growers
1887- In return for renewal of
the trade agreement, the United
States pressured King
Kalakaua to allow it to establish
a Naval Base at Pearl Harbor
1820- Christian missionaries to Hawaii
1830- American firm introduced sugar cane
Missionaries and traders began buying land
and starting sugar cane plantations
-Business GREW- Americans took control of
most of the land and businesses and
influenced politics
-Hawaiian sugar exported to the US without
tariffs- exports soared
Pressured by American sugar producers, Congress revised
the tariff laws- eliminating the exemption for Hawaii
Sugar prices dropped- to avoid a new tariff, planters decided
to make Hawaii a territory of the United States
American
Planters Revolt
“Now, to avoid any collision of
armed forces and perhaps the
loss of life, I yield my authority.”
Queen Liliuokalani wanted
Hawaiians to regain
economic control of their
islands– Took away powers
of American sugar planters
They overthrew Liliuokalani
Annexation
After William McKinley became
President, Congress approved
the annexation of Hawaii in
1898. It became a U.S. territory
in 1900.
John
Stevens
(American
diplomat in Hawaii) arranged
for marines to assist in the
planter’s revolt
Stevens recognized the new
government and wanted a
treaty of annexation- to add
Hawaii to the U.S.
Islands of
Samoa
On trade route between U.S. and Australia
U.S., Great Britain and Germany all secured trade
rights in Samoa…competition
The 3 nations met in Berlin and decided to divide up the islands
(without consulting Samoans)
China and the Open Door
Islands in the Pacific were like stepping
stones to a larger prize – CHINA.
Rivalries in
China
By late 1890s, Japan and the leading
European powers had carved out SPHERES
OF INFLUENCE in China – sections of the
country where each of the foreign nations
enjoyed special rights and powers.
Japan held island of Formosa and parts of Chinese mainland; Germany
controlled the Shandong area in east-central China; Great Britain and France
held a number of Chinese provinces and Russia moved into Manchuria and
other areas in northern China.
An Open Door
to China
In the U.S., some business and government
leaders feared they would be pushed out of
the profitable China trade.
Secretary of State, John Hay, wanted to protect and
expand American trading interests in the country.
Proposed and OPEN DOOR POLICY- each foreign
nation in china could trade freely in the other nation’s
spheres of influence.
The Boxer
Rebellion
BOXERS – A secret
Chinese martial arts society
Led an uprising against the
“foreign devils” in China.
Out of the Boxer Rebellion came a second Open
Door proposal- stressing the importance of
keeping china’s independence and respecting its
borders. Alarmed by the rebellion, the other
foreign powers accepted Hay’s policy.
Japan
Eager to expand its power in Asia, Japan began to ignore the Open door policy.
Japan’s actions led to war with Russia and conflict with the United States. Japan
and Russia clashed over Manchuria- 1904- Japan attacked the Russian fleetstarting the Russo-Japanese War. By 1905- both countries resources were depleted
and they were ready to make peace.
Treaty of
Portsmouth
Summer 1905- Japan
and Russia signed the
Treaty of Portsmouth.
Recognized Japan’s
control of Korea with
pledge that Japan would
halt its expansion.
Strained Relations
Americans resented the increase of
Japanese immigrants during the RussoJapanese War.
Limits were put on immigration. Japanese
resented it.
Some Americans called for WAR.
1907- President Roosevelt sent 16 white
battleships on a cruise around the world to
display the nation’s naval power. This
“Great White Fleet” impressed the
Japanese. The two nations resolved many
of their differences.
Cartoonstock.com
The Cuban Rebellion
War
Fever
Cubans under Spanish Rule (centuries)
Jose’ Marti, leader of independence
movement, fled to U.S. to gather
money, arms and troops.
Attracted sympathy from the
U.S.
He went back and led the people in
a revolt.
Thousands of Cubans died.
Presidents Grover Cleveland, then, William McKinley opposed in
American involvement.
American press reported the tragedy in Cuba in detail.
Newspapers, like Joseph Pulitzer’s World and William Randolph Hearst’s
Journal, competed with shocking reports on the revolution. Their “yellow
journalism” (sensational, biased, reporting, fueled the flames of U.S. war
sentiment.
“You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war.” -William Randolph Hearst
“Remember the
Maine”
President McKinley was
pressured.
He sent battleship, Maine,
to protect American citizens
and property in Cuba.
While it was anchored at Havana Harbor,
an enormous explosion shattered the Maine
and killed 260 officers and crew members.
American newspapers immediately blamed
the Spanish.
The slogan ”REMEMBER THE MAINE”
became a really for revenge.
April 25, 1898, Congress declared war on Spain.
War in the
Philippines
Although the events in Cuba triggered
the Spanish-American War, the first
military action of the war took place in
the Spanish colony of the Philippines
(1000s of miles away.)
Fighting in
Cuba
May 19- Spanish fleet entered the
harbor of Santiago (southeastern
shore of Cuba)
May 1, George Dewey
led a surprise attack on
the Spanish fleet at
Manila Bay, destroying
most of the ships.
American troops, with help of Filipino
rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo,
captured the city of Manila.
American naval force blockaded the
coast, trapping the Spanish in the
harbor.
17,000 American soldiers landed at
Santiago.
The Rough Riders
Theodore Roosevelt resigned his
position as Assistant Secretary of the
Navy to join the fighting in Cuba.
He led the First Regiment of U.S. Cavalry
volunteers, known as Rough Riders (former
cowhands and college students.)
The Rough Riders joined African
American soldiers of the Ninth and Tenth
Regiment at the Battle of San Juan Hill.
They captured San Juan Hill.
2 days later, the Spanish fleet tried
to break out of Santiago. In a 2hour battle the fleet was destroyed.
This defeat marked the end of
Spanish resistance in Cuba.
U.S. captured Puerto Rico, east of
Cuba.
August 12, Spanish signed an
armistice- a peace agreement ending
the war.
“A Splendid
Little War”
-John Hay
Acquisitions
U.S. and Spain signed Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, marking the
official end of the war. Dissolved most of the Spanish Empire.
Cuban Protectorate
A country that is technically independent, but
actually under the control of another country.
Troops remained in Cuba.
1901, The U.S. agreed to grant Cubans
full independence. As long as their new
constitution gave the U.S. certain
rights. (Platt Amendment)
Acquiring the Philippines
Many anti-imperialists
1901, U.S. transferred authority in the
Philippines from military to civilian
government headed by William Howard Taft.
Philippines did not gain full independence
until 1946.
New Government
for Puerto Rico
Territory of the United States
Foraker Act – New Puerto Rican
government set up by the U.S.
Jones Act (1917) made Puerto Rico a
territory of the U.S.
Granted American citizenship to
Puerto Ricans
• Americans and Europeans had dreamed of building a canal across
the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean to eliminate the long sea voyage
around South America.
• Now that the U.S. controlled territories in both oceans it was even
more important.
In 1879, a French company got a lease from Columbia to
construct a canal across the isthmus of Panama- between
the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific ocean. Their efforts
failed.
Isthmus- a narrow strip of land connecting two larger
bodies of land.
In 1901, the U.S. bought the lease for $40 million.
In 1903 Secretary of State, John Hay, negotiated a
treaty for a 99-year lease on a strip of land across
Panama for a $10 million payment and $250,000
annual rent.
Columbians rejected the treaty due to the low
price offered.
Panama
Revolution in
Panama
Panamanians had revolted against
Columbia before- unsuccessfully, but
felt that the Americans might back them
up.
On November 2, 1903 the American
warship, Nashville, moved into the port
on Caribbean coast of Panama
Encouraged by this show of support, the
Panamanians revolted and declared their
independence. When the Columbians
tried to stop them the U.S. intervened.
The Panama
Canal
Panama was independent.
John Hay signed a treaty with
the new nation for the 10-mile
strip of land to build the canal.
This angered many Latin
Americans and some members
of Congress.
“I took the canal zone and let
Congress debate. While the
debate goes on, the canal
does also.”
-President Roosevelt
Building the canal was tough. Panama was described as “a damp,
tropical jungle, intensely hot, swarming with mosquitoes.” diseasesyellow fever and malaria.
Many workers died.
William Gorgas, an army doctor, went to Panama to help fight the
disease.
The Grand
Opening
The canal opened on August 15,
1914- reducing shipping costs by
cutting more than 7,000 miles off the
voyage from New York to San
Francisco.
It also helped extend American
naval power as ships could now
move freely from the Atlantic to the
Pacific Ocean.
Not commonly known is the fact that the two oceans have
different sea levels, and different levels of high tide. At the
entrance to the Panama Canal, the Pacific Ocean can rise as
much as 20 feet, but 45 miles away, the difference between
high tide and low in the Atlantic is just three feet.
The longest part of the canal, sandwiched between gigantic
sets of locks at either end, is manmade Gatun Lake and the
Gaillard Cut. Gaillard Cut actually rips through a low point in
the mountain chain that runs all the way from Alaska to the tip
of Argentina.
The Panama Canal has six locks, three near either end. From
the Pacific Ocean, near Panama City, the Miraflores Locks'
two chambers each raise vessels 27 feet. A short distance
away, the Pedro Miguel Lock lifts shipping a further 31 feet.
Most of the passage through the canal is at 85 feet above sea
level.
Policing the Western Hemisphere
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” - African proverb quoted by
Theodore Roosevelt.
U.S. should respond to foreign crisis, not with threats, but with military
action.
He believed we needed an “international police power” to keep the
world from falling into anarchy- disorder and lawlessness.
Roosevelt Corollary
After incidents in the Caribbean region
and a revolution in the Dominican
republic, Roosevelt began a policy that
gave the U.S. right to intervene in the
affairs of Latin American nations when
them seemed unstable.
The U.S. applied Roosevelt’s
Corollary when it took control of the
Dominican Republic’s finances and sent
troops to Cuba to stop a revolution.
Dollar Diplomacy
Roosevelt’s successor, William
Howard Taft, wanted to substitute
“dollars for bullets” linking
American business interests to
diplomatic interests- intervening
when American businesses were
threatened.
American investments in Latin
America grew.
Relations with Mexico
In 1910, Mexico entered a turbulent period that threatened
American investments and revealed the weaknesses of the
“dollar diplomacy.” This led to military intervention.
The brutal dictator of Mexico, Porfrio Diaz, was
overthrown by a popular reformer, Francisco Madero.
Two years after taking power he was overthrown and
killed by General Victoriano Huerta.
Victoriano Huerta.
President Woodrow Wilson failed to recognize
Huerta’s “government of butchers.”
Wilson’s Moral diplomacy
Wilson attempted to follow a foreign policy based
on moral principles. This policy faced many
challenges in Mexico.
Mexican civil war broke out. He hoped the Huerta
government would fall. When that didn’t
happened, he authorized sales of weapons to
Huerta’s rival, Venustiano Carranza. With help of
American troops, Carranza eventually took power.
Venustiano Carranza
Francisco “Pancho” Villa
Civil war did not end with Huerta’s resignation. Rebel leader
Francisco “Pancho” Villa led an uprising against Carranza.
Because of American support of the Carranza government, he
seized and shot 16 Americans. (trying to damage relations
between the U.S. and Carranza government). The U.S. did not
take action against Mexico.
Villa and his rebels crossed the border into New
Mexico, burned the town of Columbus, and killed 18
more Americans.
This outraged Americans. The president sent General
John Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa. They
went after him for more than a year.
America’s attention turned to a war raging in
Europe and President Wilson withdrew the troops
from Mexico.
Coming close to war caused resentment between
the U.S. and Mexico.
America’s experience in Mexico showed that it would use its
power if it was believed that its interests of honor was
threatened.