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AP World Review
Six Themes
 The impact of interaction among major societies, such as,
trade, international exchange, war, and diplomacy.
 The relationship of change and continuity across the periods of
World History.
 Impact of technology and demography on people and the
environment, including population change, manufacturing,
agriculture, etc.
 Systems of organization and gender structure.
 Cultural and intellectual development and interactions among
societies.
 Change over time in function and structures of political states.
Building Blocks of Civilization
 What is a civilization?
– Economic system
– Political organization
– Moral code (religion)
– Written language and intellectual tradition.
Early Man
 Beginnings of Humans
– Hominids: 3 to 4 million years on earth.
– Hominids are primates.
– Earliest hominids called Australopithecine.
– Bipeds
 Other types of Early man include Homo
Habilis, Homo Erectus, and Homo
Sapien
Stone Age
 Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age).
– Tools were used.
– Simple huts.
– Fire.
– Hunter/gatherer societies.
– Family or clan groupings.
– Art and music also practiced.
Stone Age (Con’t)
 Agricultural Revolution: Neolithic Revolution
– Occurred around the end of the Great Ice Age.
– Rapid population growth.
– Need for a change in food supply.
– New skills needed.
 Pastoralism and agriculture
– begins with domestication of plants and animals.
Results of the Agricultural
Revolution
 Many diversified crops developed.
 Development of communities and villages.
– Not based on family ties.
– Lead to the formation of cities.
 Early religions form around harvest and planting
seasons.
 Specialization of Labor.
– Improved tools.
– Development of social classes.
River Valley Civilizations
 Mesopotamia.
– Tigris and Euphrates River valleys.
– Fertile Crescent.
– Written Language: Cuneiform.
– Epic of Gilgamesh.
– Hammurabi’s Code.
River Civilizations
 Egypt
– Nile River valley: Upper and Lower Egypt
– Inundation: regular flooding schedule
– Monarchy: Pharaoh & small class of
priests.
– Duality: Complex religion and
mummification.
– Many great inventions and advances.
River Civilizations
 Indus Valley
– Indus and Ganges Rivers
– Reason for decline unknown.
– Highly unified and organized government.
– Artistic.
River Civilizations
 Yellow River valley.
– Shang – China’s first dynasty.
– Monarchy
– Bronze work, silk making, pottery, jade.
– Zhou Dynasty: Many advances
• Mandate of Heaven.
Middle East Civilizations
 Persians
– Created one of the largest empires in
world history: From Turkey to Libya.
– Cyrus the Great-first king, Darius the
Great
– Advanced postal system, roads, single
currency, and decentralized government.
– Zoroastrianism: Primary religion.
– Fell to Alexander the Great.
Middle East Civilizations
 Phoenicians
– Syria and Lebanon.
– Advanced export economy.
– Skilled traders.
– Established Cathage.
– First alphabet.
Ancient Greece
 Aegean, Minoan, Mycenaean
Civilizations.
– Trading societies.
– Conquest (Trojan War)
– Joined into a single culture called
Hellenes or Greeks.
Ancient Greece
 Athens and Sparta
– Athens: educated, great thinkers
– Sparta: warrior society, military strength, self
reliance.
 Beginnings of Democracy
– Began in Athens
– Pericles
– Not fully enfranchised.
– Most representative government in ancient world.
Ancient Greece
 Peloponnesian War
– Conflict between Athens and Sparta.
– Left Greek city-states weak.
– Open to conquest by the Persians and then
Macedonians (Alexander the Great).
 Alexander the Great
– Great conqueror, took over Asia, Persian Empire,
territory to borders of India.
– Spread Greek culture throughout Eurasia.
Ancient Greece
 Hellenic Culture
– Science was important, geometry,
physics, mathematics, and astronomy.
– Poetry (Homer), Drama
(Sophocles/Euripides), Philosophy
(Socrates, Plato)
Ancient Rome
 Roman Republic
– Tensions between Plebeians (lower class)
and Patricians (upper class).
– Beginning of Roman expansion.
– Punic Wars
– Three campaigns against Carthage.
– Rome was victorious.
– Began expanding to the East (Greece,
Balkans).
Ancient Rome
 Collapse of Roman Republic
– Too much expansion.
– Social problems and civil wars.
– Unification of leadership under one
person.
 Roman Empire
– Julius Caesar, Octavian (Caesar
Augustus)
Han Dynasty
 Strongest Chinese dynasty.
 Expansionist Empire
– Postal system.
– Roads.
– Defensive fortifications (Great Wall).
 Weak leadership caused collapse
– Corruption and leadership issues.
India
 Aryans
– Nomadic group invaded India.
– Earliest Europeans.
– Conquered the Dravidians (Dark skinned
Indians).
– Established warrior aristocracy.
– Established Sanskrit.
– Vedic and early Hindu faith.
India
 Caste System
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•
•
Priests (Brahmins)
Warriors and political rulers (Kshatruyas).
Commoners.
Servants and Peasants.
The “Untouchables.”
– Born into caste. Cannot be changed.
India
 Mauryan Empire
– Ashoka – 1st emperor.
– Converted to Buddhism.
– Collapsed from outside attacks.
 Gupta Empire
– Religious tolerance.
– Muslim invaders.
Religions
 Judaism
– Hebrews
– Monotheistic
• Main deity - Yahweh
– Covenant
 Islam
– Founded by Muhammad
– Five Pillars of Faith.
– Allah
Religions
 Christianity
– Messiah: Jesus
– Evangelical.
 Hinduism
– Bramin, Multiple gods, Darma, Karma.
– Multiple Reincarnations.
Religions
 Buddhism
– Four Noble Truths
– Eightfold Path
 Daosim (Taoism)
– The Way
– Harmony with nature.
Caliphates
 Split in Islamic believers after the death
of Muhammad.
– Sunni and Shiite
– “Caliph” – Leader of the Islamic faith.
 Umayyad Caliphate
 Abbasid Caliphate
– Golden Age of Islamic Culture
Amerindian Civilizations
 Olmec
– Mother civilization for Central America.
 Maya
– Teotihuacan
– Located in Mexico and Central America.
– Religion included human sacrifice.
– Ended by constant state of war.
Amerindian Civilizations
 Inca
– Located along the Andes Mountains of
Peru.
– Specially adapted to high mountain
altitudes.
– Domesticated llamas.
 Aztec
– Tribute System.
Forms of Government
 Oligarchy
– Rule by a small group of elite families.
 Monarch
– Leadership by one person passed through family.
– Absolute and Constitutional Monarchy.
 Republic
– Citizens all participate in government.
 Democracy
– All citizens play the same role in government
 Theocracy
– Ruled by church or priests (No separation)
Middle Ages
 Collapse of Roman Empire led to
fragmented leadership in Europe and the
rise of the Byzantine Empire
– Emperor Justinian.
– Constantinople.
 Feudalism
– Manor System
• Self-sufficient.
• Serfdom
Middle Ages
 Great Schism
– Catholic Church gains much power.
– Split between “Western” Church and
Byzantine Church.
 Monasticism
– Monastery orders dedicated to the service
of God.
– Vows of Chastity and Poverty.
European Relationships
 One Hundred Years’ War
– England and France
• Caused political entanglements.
• France’s attempt to regain English territory.
• Trade competition.
 Holy Roman Empire
 Spain and Portugal
– Muslim invasion
– Reconquesta
Crusades
 Causes
– Religious fervor.
– European desire for trade.
– Personal Ambitions.
 First Crusade
– Byzantine empire asked for help against
Muslim Turks.
– Christians capture Jerusalem.
Crusades
 More crusades - none successful.
 Effects of the Crusades
– More awareness of the world as a whole.
– Increased tensions between Muslims and
Christians.
– Increased trade.
Black Death
 Bubonic Plague
– Traveled from Asia over Silk Road.
– Carried by fleas on rats.
– Killed 1/3 of European Population.
– Caused society to modernize and gave
more rights to the poor.
Renaissance
 Printing Press
– Johannes Gutenberg
 Classicism
– Greater understanding and appreciation of Greek
and Roman culture.
 Important people
– Da Vinci
– Michelangelo
– Titan
Protestant Reformation
 Failed attempts at Catholic Church
reforms.
 Martin Luther
– Protested indulgences.
– Formed Lutheran Church.
 John Calvin
– Predestination.
Protestant Reformation
 Anglican Church (Church of England)
– Formed for political reasons against
Pope’s authority.
 Catholic Counter Reformation
– Council of Trent
– Inquisition.
Islamic World
 Berber States
– Nomads
– First to convert to Islam Mali.
 Mansa Musa – Mali
– Very Rich
– Muslim that traveled throughout Africa and
Middle East.
Islamic World
 Songhai
– Askia Mohammed.
 Islamic Achievements
– Arabic Numerals
– Algebra/Trig
 Delhi Sultanate
– Introduced Islam to India.
Mongol Expansion
 Khanates
– Genghis
– Khubilai
• Conquest of China “Yuan Dynasty”
 Mongol Advances
– Stirrups
– Advanced horse warfare
– Inclusion of conquered peoples
 Golden Horde and Il”Khan
– Conflict over religion.
Ottoman, Safavid, and
Mughal Empires
 Ottoman Empire
– Major leader – Sultan Suleiman the
Magnificent.
– Took over Constantinople
– Long decline 1450-1920’s
 Safavid Empire
– Persia
– Shiite Muslims
Ottoman, Safavid, and
Mughal Empires
 Mughal Empire
– India
– Hindu majority ruled by Muslim minority.
 All three “Gunpowder Empires”
Absolutism
 Absolute monarchies
– Nation states emerge from feudal societies.
– Common languages develop.
– National identity.
– Strong, unlimited power of monarch.
 Rulers
– Louis XIV, Habsburg rulers, Henry VIII and
Elizabeth I, Ivan the Terrible, etc.
Constitutionalism
 Monarchy with limited power.
– Parliamentary governments.
• Formed Great Britain
• English Civil War
– Oliver Cromwell – Military dictator of England.
– Restoration
• William and Mary
Scientific Revolution
 Scientific Revolution
– Accelerated pace of scientific discovery.
– Modern thinking on scientific reason and
logic.
 Great thinkers of Scientific Revolution
– Sir Isaac Newton
– Galileo
Enlightenment
 Enlightenment
– Emphasis on scientific method.
– Faith in the power of human reason.
– Criticism of the Church to some extent.
 Great Thinkers of the Enlightenment
– Voltaire
– Rousseau
– Locke
Ming/Qing China
 Reaction to Mongol Dynasty
– Used Mongol foundations to build empire.
– Naval forces
• Voyages of Zheng He
– Very artistic (Ming ware)
 Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
– Established by Manchu peoples.
– Full scale European trade begins in China.
– Last dynasty of China.
Japanese Shogunate
 Japanese feudalism
– Shogun
– Daimyo
– Samurai
– Bushido
 Comparison of Japanese and
European Feudalism = Japanese
feudal system more centralized.
Japanese Shogunate
 Shogunates
– Kamakura and Ashikaga came first.
– Most famous is Tokugawa Shogunate.
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Founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Dictatorship, highly centralized government.
Confucian ideas.
Closed ports to trade which caused economic
collapse.
Exploration and Colonization
 Economic motivation for exploration
– Trade routes to India.
 New Technologies
– Caravel
– Astrolabe
– Compass
– Rudder
Exploration and Colonization
 Explorers
– Henry the Navigator
– Columbus
– Magellan
 Treaty of Tordesillias
– World divided by the Pope for exploration
Exploration and Colonization
 Spanish and Portuguese colonization
– Conquistadors
• Cortez-Aztec
• Pizzaro-Inca
 North American Colonization
– French, English, Dutch, Spanish split
North America.
– Tried to find “Northwest Passage.”
Slavery and the Slave Trade
 Slavery existed before but Atlantic Slave
Trade was new.
 Factors for the expansion of Slave Trade.
– Labor intensive crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton).
– Slaves better suited to climate of New World.
– Ending of Encomienda system.
 First controlled by Portuguese
Slavery and the Slave Trade
 Middle Passage
– Trade route from Africa to New World that
carried slaves.
– Small ships, many casualties from
voyage.
 Triangular Trade
– Major route of World Ocean Trade
– Middle Passage was second leg.
Colonization of the New
World
 New Spain
– Viceroyalties
– Three types of conquest
• Microbial (diseases)
• Economic
• Cultural
 Mining and sugar production
Colonization of the New
World
 Social Stratification
– Peninsulares. Creoles, Mestizos.
 Portuguese in Brazil
– Major sugar cane plantations.
– Boom/Bust economy.
Columbian Exchange
 Exchange of Plants, Animals, Foods, and
Diseases between the New World and the
Old World.
– Horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs from Old
World.
• Provided food and labor.
– Squash, beans, sweet potatoes, peppers,
peanuts, tomatoes.
– Increased areas to grow cotton, sugar cane,
tobacco and cacao.
 Part of Massive Colonization Movement.
French Revolution
 Causes of the French Revolution.
– Wide spread social and economic gap.
– Unfair taxes.
– Growing middle class.
– Influence of Enlightenment ideas.
– Poor leadership and massive financial
debt.
French Revolution
 Three estates.
– Third Estate forms National Assembly from the
Estates-General.
– Sans-Culottes – Radical peasants in Paris.
 Phases of the Revolution.
– Moderate Period 1789-1791 – limited power of
church and land reforms.
– Radical Period 1792-1794 – Executions,
Jacobins.
– Conservative Period 1795-1799 – Directory and
rise of Napoleon.
Capitalism
 Adam Smith (New economic theory).
– Free Trade.
– Laissez faire (Let it alone).
– Invisible Hand.
– Supply and Demand.
Industrialization
 Pre-conditions for Industrialization
– Inventions – spinning jenny, water frame
– Increased reliance on coal.
 Industrial Revolution
– Textile Industry.
– Stream and Electricity.
– Effects on social classes.
• Middle class benefits.
• Poor working conditions.
Socialism, Marxism, and
Communism
 Socialism
– Economic competition is inherently unfair.
– Popular in France.
 Marxism
– More radical form of socialism.
– Proletariat, Bourgeoisie, Class struggle.
 Communism
– Same as Marxism.
Imperialism
 Causes
– Economic factors.
• Need for raw materials.
– Military factors.
• New weapons.
• Coal sources.
Imperialism
– Social factors.
• Population growth.
• Making fortunes.
– Cultural factors.
• Conquer “inferior’ people aka “White Man’s
Burden.”
• Social Darwinism.
Imperialist’s World
 Great Britain
– India
– China/SE Asia
 America
– Hawaii
– Pacific Ocean
– Caribbean
Imperialist’s World
 Scramble for Africa
– Africa divided up between imperial
powers.
– Berlin Conference
 Japan resists imperial take over by
West.
Decline of Qing China
 Opium War
– Opium used to end trade deficit between
China and GB.
– First Opium War
• Treaty of Nanking – 5 Chinese ports opened.
GB gets Hong Kong as colony.
 Taiping Rebellion
– Civil War in China
– Thousands die.
Decline of Qing China
 Dowager Empress Cixi
– Conservative, oppressive, leader of Qing
China.
– Controlled nephew on the throne. When
he tried to reform China, she had him
removed.
 Boxer Rebellion
– Rebellion against foreigners in China
– Not successful.
Meiji Restoration
 Japanese Modernization.
– New constitution based on US.
– Parliament formed (Diet).
– Mostly an oligarchy.
 Zaibatsu.
– State sponsored businesses.
– Industry and private enterprise.
– Poor working conditions for the lower class.
 Increased urbanization.
 Beginnings of Japanese expansionism.
Japanese Expansionism
 Sino-Japanese War
– Japan wants part of China trade.
– Takes over Korea and trading port.
– Used US Open Door Policy to justify actions.
 Russo-Japanese War
– Caused by competition over Manchuria.
– Surprise attack by Japanese on Russian
positions.
– Japan wins.
 Begins to warn world of imperial leanings.
Revolutions in the Americas
 American Revolution
– Ending colonial ties to Great Britain.
• Forms republic.
• Constitution.
 Haitian Revolution
– Slave revolt (only successful one in history).
• Toussaint L’Overture
 Latin American Independence
– Creole Rebellion.
– Simon Bolivar, Pedro Hidalgo, Morelos.
Latin American Rebuilding
 Troubles in governing.
– Constitutions.
– Many dictatorships.
 Economic Issues.
– Boom/Bust economies.
 Social and Racial Divisions.
 Limited Modernizations & Industrialization.
 Mexico
– French intervention, Maximillian, Napoleon III
– Benito Juarez
World War One
 Causes
– Competition between Empires
– Secret alliances
– Tensions in the Balkans
– Assassination of the Archduke.
 Central Powers
World War One
 Warfare
– Trench warfare on Western Front
– Naval warfare and submarines
 Treaty of Versailles: Wilson’s 14 Points
– Great Britain & France wanted revenge.
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War Guilt Clause
Loss of Territory
Disarmament
Reparations
Russian Revolution and
Communism
 Russian Revolution
– 1917 Lenin and Bolsheviks overthrow the Czar.
– After Lenin’s death, Stalin gains control
 Economic Reforms
– Year Plans
• Five Year Plans – Heavy industry
• Collectivization
 Political Oppression
– Little political freedoms
– Siberian Labor Camps
Rise of Fascism
 German Fascism
– Began as a lack of confidence in Weimar
Republic
– Against Communist Party which was also strong.
– Anti-Semitic
 Italian Fascism
– Appealed to WWI veterans
– Extreme nationalism/racial prejudice
– Led by Mussolini
• March on Rome leads to control of country.
• Eventually allies with the Germans
Nazism
 Led by Adolph Hitler
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Charismatic leader
Wrote “Mein Kampf”
Last Chancellor of Weimar Republic
Head of German Reichstag
Passed Enabling Act, suspended Constitution.
He ruled by decree.
 Outlawed all opposition
 Limited personal freedoms
 Began persecuting Jews and others.
World War Two
 Axis and allies
– Axis = Germany, Italy, and Japan
– Allies = US, Great Britain, France, USSR
 Appeasement Policy
– After a number of aggressive moves, Allies
continue to back down.
– Japan continues expansion into China
 New technology
– Aircraft carriers/Bombers
– Radar
– Atomic weapons.
World War Two
 Blitzkrieg
– lightning war used by Germans
 Germans took over all but Great Britain
– Battle of Britain
• Blitz
 Japanese aggression in Pacific
– Pearl Harbor
World War Two
 Turning Point 1942
– Losses by Axis
• Midway
• El Alamein
• Stalingrad
 D-Day Invasion – June 6, 1944
 Atomic Bombs on Japan
Holocaust and War Crimes
 Rape of Nanking
– Japanese troops storm city, raping and
killing civilians.
 Comfort Women
– Women forced to serve as prostitutes for
Japanese soldiers.
Holocaust and War Crimes
 Holocaust
– Systematic genocide of Jewish people and other
ethnicities.
– Final Solution
– Concentration Camps
• Extermination camps
• Zyclon B
• Cremation Chambers
 Total dead: In excessive of 12 million
people. 6 million were Jews.
Chinese Communism
 After Qing Dynasty, China ruled by
Nationalist Party.
– Led by Sun Yat-Sen
– After Sun Yat-Sen dies, Chang Kai-Shek takes
over
 Chinese Communist Party
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–
–
–
–
Led by Mao Zedong
Lead revolution against nationalists.
Early defeats lead to Long March
Helped by Japanese Invasion
Eventually Communists succeed and Nationalists
flee to Taiwan.
Korean War
 First test of containment Policy
– 1950-1953 South Korea vs North Korea
– US supports South Korea
– China and Russia support North Korea
– MacArthur
• Brilliant General but arrogant
• Fired for not following orders
 War ended at original line of division – 38th
Parallel.
Cold War
 Non-military aggression between
Communist and Capitalist countries.
 Spread of Soviet influence and control
– Eastern Europe fall under Soviet control
– Soviets violate promises made at Yalta
Conference.
– Berlin Blockage and division of Berlin.
Cold War
 US Containment Policy
– Marshall Plan
– Formation of NATO
 Arms Race
– Began after 1949 when Soviets
demonstrated nuclear weapons.
– Nuclear aggression and build up between
US and USSR – “MAD” Mutually Assured
Destruction.
Cold War 1950-1960’s
 Nikita Khrushchev gains power in USSR
 Space Race
– Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957
• US frightened because USSR had first space rocket
 Cuban Revolution
– Fidel Castro makes Cuba a communist country
– Communist country 90 miles from US
Cold War 1950-1960’s
 U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR
 JFK
– Bay of Pigs Invasion: Attempt by US to
overthrow Castro
– Results in soviet nuclear weapons stationed in
Cuba
• Attempt to destroy missiles could start a nuclear war
with USSR
• Kennedy blockages Cuba and Soviets back down
Cold War 1960-1970’s
 US lands on the Moon
– Wins space Race
 Split between Chinese Communists
and Soviet Communists
– Mao disagrees with Soviet view of
socialism.
– Borders between the two become more
hostile
Cold War 1960-1970’s
 Vietnam War
– French Indo-China
• Vietnam was a colony of France but France too weak to
control it.
– Ho Chi Minh
• Leader of Communist Party in North Vietnam
– US support French and enters the war to help
south Vietnam
– Domino Theory
– French/US defeat
End of the Cold War
 D’etente – General relaxation of
tensions between the super powers.
 1980’s
– Soviets invade Afghanistan
• Oil supply threatened
• Damaged relations
– Olympic Games boycotted
• US in 1980 and USSR in 1984
End of the Cold War
 USSR begins to collapse internally
– Mikhail Gorbachev leads USSR in 1985
• Attempts reforms “Perestroika”
(restructuring)=economic reforms
• Glasnost=“Openness” cultural liberation
 Berlin Wall and Iron Curtain comes
down in 1989
 1991 USSR collapses
Patterns of Decolonization
 Wars fought to gain independence
 Education of native peoples led to
easier decolonization
 Ethnic and religious differences cause
major issues for new countries
 Exploitation of natural resources
 Sides taken in Cold War
Post War Middle East
 The regions’ importance as a supply of
petroleum
 Contradiction between a desire to
modernize and Islamic traditions
 Destabilizing effect of Arab/Israeli
Conflict
Establishment of Israel
 Established as a state for displaced
Jews from the Holocaust
 Britain controlled region of Palestine
 Gave region over to become the State
of Israel
 Displaced millions of Palestinian Arabs
to neighboring nations.
Major Trends of the
Century
th
20
 Major population growth
 Rise in consumer society
 Social activism
– 1960’s peace protests
 Terrorism
– Arab/Israeli conflicts
 Changes in gender relations
 Rise of mass media
– TV, film, and radio as sources of info and
entertainment
Post Cold War Conflicts
 Gulf War
– Iraq invades Kuwait
• US-led coalition frees Kuwait
 Yugoslavian War
– Serbian aggression against Albanian and
Bosnian minorities in Losovo
 Weapons of Mass Destruction
– Limiting production and testing of nuclear
weapons.
 Proliferation of small arms
– Guns, semi-automatic and automatic
AP World History
 Good Luck!
 Don’t stress!