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Essential Question: – How did Jefferson & his “agrarian republicanism” help forge a new national identity after the “Revolution of 1800”? Reading Quiz Ch 9A (270-285) America in 1800: Society & Economy Spain controlled thewas most territory In 1800, the USA a new & in North North America in 1800 America withsharing valuable citiesAmerica like Mexico City, weak nation North New St Louis, & Los Angeles with Orleans, other European powers But, Spain’s hold on these territories was slipping British wasthe sparsely populated, but Russia Canada dominated itsfur control over the fur trade & Great Lakes trade in Alaska France ruled Haiti & gained Louisiana from frustrated westward-bound Americans Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars From 1800 to 1810, the U.S. major Intense migration toStates the The United in had 1800 …and cities, like Cincinnati population growth; Grew trans-Appalachian West by 2 million people (after1790 Fallen which after ledTimbers) to new states used the Mississippi & Ohio Ohio Rivers (1803) for trade Kentucky (1792) Many western settlers were concerned that Spain Tennessee (1796) controlled New Orleans Cotton quickly became the dominant The U.S. Economy in 1800 th century Southern crop of the 19 By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly entrenched the Cotton production involvedSouth’s in agriculture “need” for slaves & expedited Northern industrialism The Southern economy was dominated by rice & tobacco cultivation Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 allowed for a cotton boom in the South By 1800, U.S.economy Economy 1800 TheThe Northern was in more diverse industrialization than the South,was butjust most Americans were beginning in cultivating America livestock & grains involved in By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture Boston, NY, Philadelphia relied on international trade, otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 5% of Samuel Slaterlived designed cotton-spinning factories Americans in cities) in NE; but most textiles were homemade Jefferson as President (Take Notes on Jefferson Video) Jefferson as President Jefferson entered office after the “revolution of 1800” with a clear political ideology & goals: – To reduceJefferson size & would cost of gov’t However, have to & compromise many of his agrarianism ideological promote republican principles to be an effective president – To repeal key Federalist policies (Alien & Sedition Acts & John Adams’ midnight appointments of key Federalist judges) – To maintain international peace Jeffersonian Reforms All federal revenue was generated Jefferson’s wastaxes to reduce exclusivelypriority by shipping the role of the national gov’t & But…Jefferson approved of the creation return key decisions to the states of the Army Corps of Engineers & the Jefferson worked withatCongress U.S. Military Academy West Point to – Repeal all excise taxes – Reduced the army by 50% & retired most naval ships – Eliminate all national debt – Did not renew the charter of the BUS (The bank will die in 1811) Adams’ Midnight Appointments Before leaving office, John Adams signed the Judiciary Act of 1801 creating new federal courts which Who will become the Adams filled with loyal Federalists greatest Supreme Court chiefappointments” justice ever! – These “midnight were an obvious attempt to fill the courts with partisan judges – The most important Adams’ appointee was John Marshall as Chief Justice of Supreme Court Federalists claim that Marbury’s denial of his Adams’ Midnight Appointments appointment was a violation Constitution In 1802, Republicans repealed the Marbury should only be removed if he Judiciary Act of 1801 & abolished committed a “high crime or misdemeanor” these new federal courts Marshall & the Supreme Court established – William Marbury sued to the the precedent of Judicial Review: the Supreme because he was Supreme Court hasCourt the authority to determine the constitutionality of Congressional actions denied his appointment – In Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall & the court ruled against Marbury that Congress could deny this appointment The Louisiana Purchase In 1801, France gained Louisiana from Spain & seemed ready to create an empire in North America – But, the Haitian revolution & cost of European wars led Napoleon to lose interest in America – In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with France to buy New Orleans, but Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million The Louisiana Purchase Jeffersonian contradictions: – The Constitution was vague on which branch had the authority Republicans feared to purchase newgiving landsthe mostly French & Spanish residents of New – Jefferson abandoned “strict Orleans authority in a territorial assembly construction” to buy Louisiana – Jefferson signed the Louisiana Gov’t Act which denied self-rule to Louisiana residents Thereport Louisiana Purchase The from the Lewis &&Clark Meriwether Lewis & William Clark were expedition reaffirmed faith in the future the Lewis & Clark Expedition commissioned to explore the Louisiana territory economic prosperity of the U.S. Left St. Louis in May 1804 & reached the Pacific in Nov 1805 Goal #1: Determine if the Missouri River flowed to the Pacific Ocean Goal #2: Collect data on flora & fauna Native American Resistance The Louisiana Purchase increased tensions with Indians: – Americans rejected coexistence with Indians – Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee & other tribes to stop selling land & to avoid contact with whites – Jefferson hoped to “civilize” Indians into yeoman farmers & planned for a vast reservation west of the Mississippi River (1801-1805) InThe 1801,Barbary JeffersonWar dispatched the U.S. fleet to “negotiate The North Africanthrough…a “Barbarycannon” states” A successful naval blockade to peace treaty demanded tribute from led trade ships & gained America internationalSea respect sailing in the Mediterranean Jefferson’s Second Term Jefferson’s Reelection Jefferson ended his 1st term as a very popular president: – He maintained internat’l peace with England & France despite continued denial of neutrality – Reduced taxes for Americans – Doubled the size of the U.S. In 1804, Jefferson was re-elected as president & the Republicans took the majority in Congress Despite his electoral victory, serious divisions divided Jefferson’s second term as president Division in the Republican Party The decline of the Federalists The Jeffersonian & Quid factions suspended the two-party became separate parties by system: 1824 – Led to Republican dominance in National Republicans Jacksonians became nationalParty politicswere from 1800-1820 absorbed into the Democratic the Whig – But…without a clear partyParty to oppose, many Republicans began The “Virginia Dynasty” attacking Jefferson’s policies Republicans (Jefferson, Madison, – The Tertium (“nothings”), controlled both Quids Monroe) dominated the housescriticized of Congress Jefferson’s betrayal of executive branch strict construction & sacrifice of virtue to get results as president The Yazoo Controversy Jefferson endured heavy criticism Together with Marbury v Madison, the Supreme Court defined itself as a due to the Yazoo Land Fraud: legitimate 3rd branch of gov’t – Corrupt GA politicians sold 35 The case established an million acres of land to insiders Again, it’s the important precedent: at ridiculously low prices Marshall Court Supreme Court can nullify any – Quids attacked Jefferson unconstitutional statefor laws allowing defrauded individuals to keep lands they bought – In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Supreme Court allowed purchasers to keep these lands Lands Associated with the Yazoo Land Fraud The Slave Trade At the Philadelphia Convention, slavery was tabled until 1808 In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged Congress to prepare a slave law: – Southerners furiously argued against any slavery legislation – Congress passed a law that ended the slave trade in 1808, but smugglers were to be turned over to local authorities ARenewed war would be too expensive & Conflict Overseas destroy his plans for a small gov’t In 1803, England & France The embargo hurt The embargo did not resumed their war & violated U.S. the NE economy hurt England or France neutrality rights by seizing ships & Exports fell from $108 million in 1807 impressing American to just $22 million insailors: 1808 – Jefferson refused to declare war Required huge gov’t oversight & an expensive to suppress smuggling on eitherarmy England or France – In 1807, Jefferson approved a very unpopular embargo that prohibited U.S. merchants from trading with England or France Conclusions During Jefferson’s two terms: – The U.S. doubled in size, saw huge population growth, & experienced western expansion – The role of government shrank – The Jefferson presidency led to a divisive, politically partisan era – The U.S. grew closer to internat’l war due to failed attempts at reconciliation with Europe Discussion Question Was Jefferson a hypocrite who compromised his political ideals OR a pragmatic leader who became more flexible as president? – Examine each of Jefferson’s key decisions & determine which decisions were hypocritical & which were pragmatic How does Jefferson’s presidency compare with Washington’s?