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STAAR Review 6
Causes of World War 1
•
•
World War 1 started in Europe in 1914,
but the U.S.A. would not become
involved until 1917.
There were 4 major causes of why the
war happened:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Alliance system
Causes of World War 1
• Nationalism – a strong
devotion to the interests and
culture of one’s own nation, to
the exclusion of other nations.
• This belief led to idea that a
single nations interests are
more important than
cooperation among nations.
• Several ethnic groups within
other nations wanted to form
their own countries.
• Nationalism led to fighting
among nations!
Causes of World War 1
• Imperialism – controlling a
weaker nation as a source of
raw materials and as a market
for your products.
• As nations tried to increase
their economic power and
influence around the world it
led to conflicts and war!
• Many European nations
controlled other nations of Africa
and Southeast Asia, it was
becoming more difficult to find
and keep colonial empires.
Causes of World War 1
• Militarism – build up of the military.
• Europeans were used to seeing
people in uniform even if you were
not in the military.
• It became a status symbol to wear
military gear as military discipline
and war became more admired.
• Military leaders felt it was better to
attack first rather than wait to be
attacked, because of the time it took
to mobilize troops.
Causes of World War 1
• Alliance System – agreements between nations to
aid one another if they were attacked.
• By 1890s, Europe was divided into two alliances,
– Central Powers (enemy) --- Allied Powers (friends).
• One alliance had Germany Austria-Hungary, and
the Ottoman Empire.
• Other alliance was Great Britain, France, & Russia.
The Beginnings of War
• In 1914 the country of
Austria-Hungary used
imperialism to control
several smaller nations
located in the Balkans
region (outlined in red) of
Europe.
• Many nations of the
Balkans were controlled
by other stronger nations.
• Serbia was 1 of these
nations and didn’t like it.
The Balkans were called a “powder
keg” and things were ready to explode!
The Match That Lit the Fuse
• The “powder keg”
exploded in 1914.
• Archduke Ferdinand
of Austria-Hungary
was touring several
nations his nation ruled
over with imerialism.
• A man from Serbia
Take that
you
imperialist
@#$%@
(country controlled by the Archduke)
ran into the street and
shot the Archduke and
his wife.
The Archduke gets capped
The Assassination: Sarajevo
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Family
June 28, 1914
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Black Hand Society
Alliance System Takes Down Europe
• The assassination of its leader caused AustriaHungary to declare war on little Serbia.
• But, Serbia had made an alliance with Russia.
• So when Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia, the
Russians came to their defense and declared war
on Austria-Hungary.
• This brought Germany into the war, because they
had an alliance to help Austria-Hungary.
• And so on it went as nation after nation was
forced to join the war because of alliances they
had made.
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
1907
Triple Alliance:
1879
Great Britain
France
Germany
Pre WW I
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Europe chooses up sides
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
1914
Ottoman Empire
Italy joins the Allies 9
months after war begins
Soldiers Mobiliz ed
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
•Home by Christmas!
•No major war
in 50 years!
•Nationalism!
World War Begins in Europe
• It’s 1914 and Europe is at war!
• The U.S.A. remained neutral (didn’t
become involved).
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
was elected as president on the
campaign promise of “I’ll keep us
out of war”.
• Pres. Wilson kept his word until
1917 when a series of events
caused America to want war.
Elect me
and I will
keep us out
of Europe’s
affairs
The Schlieffen Plan
In 1914, Germany believed war with Russia was extremely likely. If war broke
out, Germany assumed France would also attack as she was both an ally of
Russia and keen for revenge for her defeat in the Franco-Prussian war.
If this happened, Germany would face a war on two fronts. Germany wanted to
avoid this at all costs. Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and then turn to
the eastern front for a major offensive on Russia. This was the basis for the
Schlieffen Plan.
Reality of the Schlieffen Plan
•On 2nd August 1914, the German army invaded
Luxembourg and Belgium according to the
Schlieffen Plan.
•The Germans were held up by the Belgium
army, backed up by the BEF (British
Expeditionary Force) which arrived extremely
quickly.
•Russia mobilized in just 10 days and Germany
was forced to withdraw troops from the
Schlieffen Plan to defend her eastern border.
•Germany did not take the chance to take Paris,
instead decided to attack east of the
capital. They were met by French at the Battle of
the Marne (5-11 Sept, First Battle of the Marne)
which halted the German advance.
The Western Front
To avoid losing the territory already gained in France, the Germans
began digging trenches. The British and French unable to break
through the line of trenches, began to dig their own trenches.
Throughout the entire war, neither side gained more than a few
miles of ground along what became known as the Western Front.
The Eastern Front
The line of fighting on the Eastern side of Europe between Russia and Germany
and Austria-Hungary is known as the Eastern Front.
Fighting began on the Eastern front when Russia invaded East Prussia on 17th
August 1914. Germany immediately launched a counter-offensive and pushed
Russia back. This pattern of attack and counter-attack continued for the first two
years of the war and meant that the Eastern Front changed position as land was
captured and lost by both sides.
By 1917, the Russian people were fed up and demoralised by the huge number of
Russian losses. The government and monarchy were overthrown and the new
Bolshevik government signed the treaty of Brest Litovsk which took the
Russians out of the war.
A New Kind of War
• Both sides predicted the war would
be over soon, both would be wrong.
• New weapons were introduced:
– machines guns, poison gas,
submarines, airplanes, & tanks.
• These weapons made it easier to
defend a position rather than attack.
• Trenches were dug along France’s
eastern border with Germany, it was
called the ‘Western Front’.
• The Western Front would become a
very deadly area.
Trench Warfare
• Trench Warfare was a new and
strange form of war no one had
ever seen before.
• Men dug trenches that were
separated by barbed wire and
land mines, the area between
them was called ‘no man’s land’
and was a killing zone.
• Soldiers would spend years in the
trenches because neither side
could advance.
• The death toll was horrendous.
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
In The Trenches
Many soldiers fighting in the First World War suffered from trench foot. This was an
infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions. In the trenches men
stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks
or boots. The feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If
untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation. Trench foot was a
particular problem in the early stages of the war. For example, during the winter of 191415 over 20,000 men in the British Army were treated for trench foot.
The only remedy for trench foot was for the soldiers to dry their feet and change their
socks several times a day. By the end of 1915 British soldiers in the trenches had to have
three pairs of socks with them and were under orders to change their socks at least
twice a day. As well as drying their feet, soldiers were told to cover their feet with a
grease made from whale-oil. It has been estimated that a battalion at the front would
use ten gallons of whale-oil every day.
Rat Infestation
Rats in their millions infested trenches. There were two
main types, the brown and the black rat. Both were
despised but the brown rat was especially feared. Gorging
themselves on human remains (grotesquely disfiguring
them by eating their eyes and liver) they could grow to the
size of a cat.
Men, exasperated and afraid of these rats (which
would even scamper across their faces in the dark), would
attempt to rid the trenches of them by various methods:
gunfire, with the bayonet, and even by clubbing them to
death.
It was futile however: a single rat couple could produce
up to 900 offspring in a year, spreading infection and
contaminating food. The rat problem remained for the
duration of the war (although many veteran soldiers swore
that rats sensed impending heavy enemy shellfire and
consequently disappeared from view).
TRENCH RATS
Frogs, Lice and Worse
Rats were by no means the only source of infection and nuisance. Lice were
never-ending problem, breeding in the seams of filthy clothing and causing
men to itch unceasingly.
Even when clothing was periodically washed and deloused, lice eggs
invariably remained hidden in the seams; within a few hours of the clothes
being re-worn the body heat generated would cause the eggs to hatch.
Lice caused Trench Fever, a particularly painful disease that began suddenly
with severe pain followed by high fever. Recovery - away from the trenches
took up to twelve weeks. Lice were not actually identified as the culprit of
Trench Fever until 1918.
Frogs by the score were found in shell holes covered in water; they were also
found in the base of trenches. Slugs and horned beetles crowded the sides of
the trench.
Many men chose to shave their heads entirely to avoid another prevalent
scourge: nits.
…And the Smell
•Finally, no overview of trench life can avoid the aspect that
instantly struck visitors to the lines: the appalling reek given off by
numerous conflicting sources.
•Rotting carcases lay around in their thousands. For example,
approximately 200,000 men were killed on the Somme battlefields,
many of which lay in shallow graves.
•Overflowing latrines would similarly give off a most offensive
stench.
•Men who had not been afforded the luxury of a bath in weeks or
months would offer the pervading odour of dried sweat. The feet
were generally accepted to give off the worst odor. Trenches would
also smell of creosol or chloride of lime, used to stave off the
constant threat of disease and infection.
•Add to this the smell of cordite, the lingering odour of poison gas,
rotting sandbags, stagnant mud, cigarette smoke and cooking
food... yet men grew used to it, while it thoroughly overcame firsttime visitors to the front.
War Is HELL!!
Sacrifices in War
Women
and the
War
Effort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
e German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!
The War of the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Sept 1916 to April 1917
Allied Ships Sunk by German U-boats
May 1917 to Jan 1918
Sopwith Camel
“Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Machine Gun
Maxim Gun
Chemical Warfare
Mustard Gas
America
Joins
the
War
Causes of USA’s Involvement in the War
When war broke out in Europe, America would
attempt to remain neutral.
But the U.S.A. would eventually become involved.
1. Close ties with both Britain and France
2. Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare.
3. Germany had promised not to sink neutral ships,
but they were breaking that promise.
4. Allied propaganda played the Germans as
committing atrocities against civilians
5. The ‘Zimmerman Note’ offered Mexico a deal to
join with Germany.
Freedom of the Seas
Freedom of the Seas was the main reason the
U.S.A. finally entered the war.
• The British had blockaded Germany,
preventing them from getting food & supplies.
• Germany retaliated by sinking merchant ships
with their submarines.
• Germany continued to sink ships until America
threatened to end relations with Germany.
• Germany then made the ‘Sussex Pledge’ not
to sink merchant ships without warning or
without helping passengers on board.
Sinking of the Lusitania
• The British passenger
ship the Lusitania was
sunk by a German U-boat.
• The ship carried 1200
passengers, of which 128
were Americans.
• This was the first time that
Germany had actually
killed an American citizen.
• American’s called for war!
The image is a postcard that
Germany printed to show its sinking
of the Lusitania.
Sussex Pledge
•1916 Germany agrees not to sink any non-military ships
on the seas.
•Forced on Germany by the U.S. If not agreed to – Confrontation
with the U.S.
•1917 Germany resorts back to unrestricted submarine warfare.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Open season on any ship sailing the seas
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany was suffering from
the British blockade and
declared they would again
start using Unrestricted Submarine Warfare to sink any
ships they found.
• This violated the principle of
“freedom of the seas”, or the
right of neutral nations like the
USA to ship non-military goods
to nations at war.
• Pres. Wilson asked Congress
to declare war, and they did!
Swim
with
the
fish
German U-Boat sinking an
unarmed Allied ship
The Zimmerman Note
• Germany sent a telegram
from its Ambassador
Zimmerman to Mexico.
• Germany offered Mexico
lands in the southwestern
USA if Mexico would
attack the USA.
• The telegram was
intercepted and published
in American newspapers.
• America screamed for war!
Coded telegram proposing an alliance
between Germany and Mexico
The Zimmerman Note decoded
America Declares War
The Home Front, 1917-1918
• To fight the war, Pres. Wilson
was given wide powers by
Congress.
• To solve the problem of a lack
of military personnel the U.S.
Congress passed the Selective
Service Act (aka the draft), the
draft put about 3 million men
into uniform.
• But, because of Supreme Court
ruling of ‘Plessey v. Ferguson,
African Americans served in
segregated units.
The Home Front, 1917-1918
• Women & African Americans
would play a vital role in the
war as millions of men left
their jobs to fight the war.
• African Americans were not
allowed to fight in the AEF,
but did serve under French
leaders. (American Expeditionary Force)
• The efforts of women in the
workplace helped them gain
support for suffrage.
The Home Front, 1917-1918
• Almost 2 million men would
serve in Europe.
• The cost of the war, about
$30 billion, was paid for with
increased taxes and the sale
of war bonds.
• Propaganda would play an
important role in the war.
• All resources were mobilized
turning the conflict into a
‘total war’.
The Home Front, 1917-1918
• During the war, civil liberties
were violated to meet wartime
needs.
• The Espionage Act (1917) made
it a crime to criticize the war.
• This violated American’s civil
rights, like the 1st Amendment
and freedom of speech.
• Over 6,000 Americans were
arrested under these acts.
Heroes of the War
Gen. John J. Pershing
• Gen. Pershing was selected to
lead the AEF which was the
American Expeditionary Force.
• Pershing was a decorated war
veteran who refused to send
American troops into battle until
they were well trained.
• This led to fewer deaths and the
love and respect of his men.
Battle of Argonne Forest
• One of the greatest battles of the war was fought
in the Argonne Forest of northeastern France.
• Germany had spent years fortifying this hilly,
forested area surrounded with barbed wire, land
mines, concrete barriers, tanks and machine
guns.
• Gen. Pershing led 600,000 men against all odds
and succeeded into breaking through the
German lines in this final and most important
battle the American Expeditionary Force fought.
Heroes of the War
•
•
•
•
Alvin York
Alvin York represented the typical
draftee in World War 1, he was
underprivileged and uneducated.
In the Battle of Argonne Forest, Sgt.
York singlehandedly was responsible
for killing 25 Germans and capturing
132 prisoners of war.
He earned the Congressional Medal
of Honor for his heroism.
The Medal of Honor has been given
to over 3,499 soldiers.
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
The Treaty of Versailles
• Germany, exhausted by the war,
finally agreed to an armistice
(peace agreement) on Nov. 11, 1918
we now call this Veteran’s Day.
• The USA met with the French,
British, & the Italians to discuss
peace terms.
• The Russians, although they had
fought on our winning side, were
not invited to the peace talks.
Russia had become communist!
By W. A. Boyce
David Lloyd-George
[Great Britain]
Orlando
[Italy]
Woodrow Wilson
[USA]
Georges Clemenceau
[France]
WAR GUILT CLAUSE
NO UNION WITH AUSTRIA
Germany had to accept
blame for starting WW1
GERMAN OVERSEAS
TERRITORRIES
Germany lost Chinese
ports [Amoy and
Tsingtao], Pacific
Islands, and African
colonies [Tanganika and
German SW Africa].
GERMANY’S MILITARY
FORCES REDUCED
- Army restricted to
100,000 men.
REPARATIONS
Germany forced to pay
massive fine for war
damages - 1,000,000,000
Marks (6.6bn pounds).
The Treaty was designed
to cripple Germany
militarily, territorially and
economically
THE TERMS
OF THE TREATY OF
VERSAILLES
1919
- No modern weapons
such as tanks, military air
force.
- Navy could not have
battle ships over 10,000
tons and no U-Boats.
RHINELAND TO BE DE-MILITARISED
GERMAN NATIONAL TERRITORY
- Germany lost national territory which was given
to Belgium and Denmark, most went to Poland.
Terms of Treaty of Versailles
• Terms of the Treaty were very
harsh, especially on Germany.
• Germany:
–
–
–
–
Lost land they had taken
Lost their overseas colonies.
Demilitarization, reduce military size.
Accept blame for war in the War Guilt
Clause.
– Make reparations (payments for damages)
• Austria-Hungary & Turkey:
– Were divided into several new nations.
1914--------------------1919
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Pres. Wilson broadened the
war aims from a defense of
‘freedom of the seas’ to a
crusade of making the world
‘safe for democracy’.
• In January of 1918, Pres.
Wilson made a speech to
Congress called the
“Fourteen Points”.
• The speech outlined a plan
for world peace.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
•
•
•
•
The Fourteen Points
Major European nationalities would be given right
of self-determination about their own country and
governments.
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire would be
divided into smaller nations.
Wilson called for a reduction in arms, removal of
trade barriers, and an end to secret diplomacy.
The most important of all to Wilson was his plan
called the “League of Nation”, an organization to
mediate international disputes to avoid war.
The League of Nations
• Pres. Wilson campaigned across America and
with European leaders to gain support for his
League of Nations plan.
• But, Americans were not interested in giving
What
others the power to decide whether the USA
about my
would go to war or not.
plan ?
• European leaders argued with Wilson, because
they wanted a harsher punishment on Germany
than he did.
• Wilson’s plan was in jeopardy.
Germany
must pay
I agree
Rejection of League of Nations
• Opponents of the League of Nations
argued that it would drag the USA
into unwanted military commitments.
• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
strongly opposed the creation of the
League, saying the USA would lose
its freedom of action.
• The United States Congress refused
to ratify (ok) the Treaty of Versailles
and the USA never joined the League
of Nations.
The League would
handcuff the USA
America Retreats to Isolationism
• By 1919, the American people
had become disillusioned by
world affairs.
• Victory in WW 1 had come at a
high price in lives and dollars.
• American’s began to think
George Washington was right
with his advice of staying out of
European entanglements.
• America began to look at their
well being at home.
America
should stay
out of
Europe’s
business
American Isolationism
• America turned to a policy of isolationism –
‘separating themselves from other countries’ affairs’.
• America turned its back on Europe by:
• Raising tariffs on imports to protect US businesses
• Restricting European immigration, especially from
Eastern and Southern Europe. (The New Immigrant)
• Rejecting the Treaty of Versailles.
• Refusing to join the League of Nations.
These were all signs of America’s decision
to isolate themselves from the rest of the
world.