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Chapter 8 The First World War (1914 – 1918) Main Idea Rivalries among European nations led to the outbreak of war in 1914. I. World War I Names A. The Great War B. The War to End All Wars II. Causes of WWI 1. Nationalism 2. Imperialism 3. Militarism 4. Alliances A. Nationalism • An extreme pride or devotion that people feel for their country or culture. B. Imperialism • Competition between powerful countries for colonies. C. Militarism • Using armed forces as a diplomatic tool. D. Alliances • Alliances (partnerships) created to maintain peace, but lead Europe directly into war. Triple Alliance aka: Central Powers - Austria-Hungary - Germany - Ottoman Empire - Italy - Bulgaria - Fearful of Germany’s power, France and Russia formed a secret alliance with each other. The Alliance System Great Britain Germany France Triple Alliance: AustriaHungary Russia Triple Entente: Italy Triple Entente aka: Allied Powers - Serbia Russia France United States - Italy - Great Britain Entente means understanding Europe 1914 Two Armed Camps! Triple Entente: Allied Powers: Triple Alliance: Central Powers: Ottoman Empire The Major Players: 1914-1917 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Wilhelm II [Ger] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Franz Josef [A-H] Pop Quiz Time: On a sheet of loose leaf paper use the map that you colored to complete the sequence chart below. Declarations of War Because of the Alliance System Germany Russia Great Britain Serbia Austria/Hungary France Countries may be used more than one time. III. War Breaks Out A.The Powder Keg of Europe 1. Austria-Hungary controlled Bosnia. 2. Serbia was trying to get Bosnia to revolt against Austria-Hungary. The “Powder Keg” of Europe 3. Franz Ferdinand is the heir to the Austria-Hungary throne & he was assassinated in Sarajevo. 4. The Serbian government had supplied the assassins with bombs and weapons. 5. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s murder on June 28, 1914. 6. Black Hand: Serbian group that assassinated Ferdinand. The Assassination: The Assassin: Sarajevo Gavrilo Princip 7. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. B. Germans take Belgium 1. Schlieffen Plan - Count Alfred von Schlieffen: German military leader - Play animated map http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/map s/maps_outbreak.html The Schlieffen Plan -Defeat France quickly and stall the Russians After France falls, turn both armies on Russia Failure of the Plan resulted in trenches being built in a flanking of each other in a “race to the sea” causing a stalemate. The German army was split into two fighting forces. Eastern & Western Front. C. A New Kind of Warfare • French soldiers fought old style of war, wore red uniforms and swords. • Germans used camouflage & used machine guns. D. The First Battle of the Marne • Allies stopped the German advance and saved Paris • Ended in a standoff. • German troops were needed to fight Russia. IV. The War Reaches a Stalemate - Trenches were dug to protect soldiers from enemy fire - These trenches stretched for some 400 miles - This type of fighting is known as trench warfare - Trench warfare created a stalemate, or deadlock - Both the Allies and the Central Powers begin looking for new ways to gain an advantage. Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land” - Barbed wire lined the trenches making it hard to cross the battlefield Copy important facts about the course of the war and battles while playing animations: (Match the battle with the fact for the test.) http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/maps_gallipoli.html Battle of : Gallipoli - 1915 The Battle of Verdun - 1916 The Battle of the Somme - 1916 The Third Battle of Ypres - 1917 The First Battle of the Marne - 1914 Video - Christmas in the trenches: Joyeaux Noel Christmas scene Joyeaux Noel trench warfare scene “War is Hell.” William Tecumseh Sherman (Advocate of TOTAL WAR during the Civil War’s March to the Sea.) This quote originates from his address to the graduating class of the Michigan Military Academy “I’ve been where you are now and I know just how you feel. It’s entirely natural that there should beat in the breast of every one of you a hope and desire that some day you can use the skill you have acquired here. Suppress it! You don’t know the horrible aspects of war. I’ve been through two wars and I know. I’ve seen cities and homes in ashes. I’ve seen thousands of men lying on the ground, their dead faces looking up at the skies. I tell you, war is Hell!” V. New Weapons 1. Poison Gas – Thought by experts to be a military breakthrough, but could be risky. What if wind would change? Result of question invention of gas mask and putting color dye in gas. 2.Machine Gun – Caused most of the casualties of the war when the soldiers would perform a maneuver called “Over the Top” into No-man’s land. 3. Flame Throwers – Defense of the trench and surprise attacks at close distances. 4. Grenade Launchers and Hand Grenades – Used for close proximity during the stalemate in the trenches. American’s used many hand grenades after rapid production in 1917. 5. “Big Bertha” – Only four were produced but designed to breakdown enemy fortresses. Failed at the Battle of the Somme. To close of a range and how to transport it? Just for fun: Named after the wife of a German factory owner called Krupp. Her name was Bertha Krupp. 6. Zeppelin – Mainly used for recon patrols and some bombing missions. Red Baron • German Pilot who shot down 80 Allied planes before he was shot down in 1918. • Painted his aircraft RED so the enemy could see him coming. Looking for the “Red Baron?” Video + Qs Q – Time! #1 What is another name for World War I? #2 Where was World War I fought? (Continent) #3 & #4 Name 2 of the 4 causes of World War I. #5 A partnership created to maintain peace or insure help in case of an attack is called a(an) ______. #6 After Franz Ferdinand is assassinated, Austria-Hungary declares war on _____ because they supplied bombs and weapons to the assassins. #7 A ____ or deadlock is when two sides in a war fail to make advances or meaningful movement in a war. #8 ____ are long ditches that soldiers seek shelter, live in, die in and suffer in. #9 Identify 1 new weapon of war used in World War I #10 True / False The United States entered World War I from the very beginning of the conflict. The United States in World War I The Main Idea The United States helped turn the tide for an Allied victory in Europe. I. THE U.S. STAYS NEUTRAL ✕ Americans not interested in the war until the sinking of the Lusitania. Wilson’s policy of isolationism - to not being involved in foreign affairs. ✕ Supported by most Americans ✕ A. LEANING TOWARD THE ALLIES 1. American Concerns a. Germany’s war tactics b. Germany’s invasion of Belgium. 2. U.S. had greater political, cultural, and commercial ties to Great Britain and France than Germany. 3. Britain was purchasing nearly $75 million worth of war goods from U. S. business each week. B. GERMAN SUBMARINE WARFARE 1. Germany suffered under the British blockade. 2. Germany fought back with the U-boats. (unterseeboot) 3. 1915, Germany announced that the waters around GB would be a WAR ZONE. 4. Germany warned the U.S. that neutral ships might be attacked as well. 5. The German plan for unrestricted submarine warfare angered Americans, and Wilson believed it violated the laws of neutrality. 6. 1915, Germany sank a luxury passenger ship to Great Britain called the Lusitania, killing many, including 128 Americans. 7. Wilson called for an end to unrestricted submarine 8. Germans - agreed to attack only supply ships - later sink the French passenger ship Sussex, killing 80 9. Sussex Pledge - Germany promised not to sink merchant vessels “without warning and without saving human lives.” C. THE ZIMMERMANN NOTE 1. Telegraph from Germany to Mexico pledging a secret alliance if the United States joined the Allies. 2. The Mexicans declined, but the British decoded the note, and Americans call for war. The Zimmerman Telegram The Zimmerman Telegram D. WILSON IS REELECTED 1916 - Wilson is re-elected “HE KEPT US OUT OF THE WAR.” E. THE U.S. DECLARES WAR 1. April 6, 1917, the United States joined the Allies. - Needs to raise an army - Train soldiers - Transport supplies & soldiers 2. Wilson’s reason for going to war was to “MAKE THE A. Raising an Army 1. Selective Service Act (1917) - Men between the ages of 21 and 30 had to register for the draft. 2. "Black Jack" Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. -General Pershing wanted his soldiers to be well trained. - Wanted US soldiers under US command 3. Blacks – were in segregated units & not allowed in the navy, the marines, or to pilot planes Mostly noncombatant Harlem Hell Fighters 4. Alvin York - was a U. S. soldier, famous for both his being a conscientious objector and hero in World War I. B. INCREASE OF SHIP PRODUCTION 1. Shipyard workers were not drafted. 2. Fabrication: assembly line method of ship-building. 1. U.S. troops arrived in France in 1917 through a convoy system. (used for protection) 2. Convoy’s reduced the number of ships sunk and limited the loss of troops and supplies. III. THE WAR ENDS A. The Armistice 1. Armistice - the end of a war, when the warring parties agree to stop fighting. 2. Late 1918 the war was crippling the German economy: many civilians lacked food and supplies. B. THE RESULTS (GERMANY) Germany forced to: a. leave all territories it had occupied b. surrender its aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks, and U-boats c. Allow Allied troops to occupy some ▪ ▪ On November 11, 1918, the armistice went into effect. Everyone hoped that the Great War would be the “war to end all wars.” "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month." Allied Powers Military dead: 5,525,000 Military wounded: 12,831,500 Military missing: 4,121,000 Central Powers Military dead: 4,386,000 Military wounded: 8,388,000 Military missing: 3,629,000 Chapter 8 Sections 3 & 4 The Home Front I. Personalities of the War A. Limeys: nickname for British soldiers B. Doughboys: nickname for the American soldiers C. Marshal Foch (French): leader of the Allied troops D. General John Pershing: leader of the AEF; American Expeditionary Force E. Kieser Wilhem: political leader of Germany III. Mobilizing the Economy A. Paying for the War 1. War Revenue Act of 1917 - Established very high taxes - Taxed the wealthiest Americans as much as 77% of their annual incomes. 2. Liberty Bonds - loan from the American people to the federal government B. Regulating Industry 1. War Industries Board (WIB) - regulated all materials needed in the war effort. C. Regulating Food 1. Food Administration slogan was “Food Can Win the War.” 2. Conserving Food a. Victory Gardens: private gardens which allowed farmers to ship food to soldiers. b. Special days of week to go “less” in order to send food to American soldiers “Meatless” Mondays “Wheatless” Wednesdays “Sweetless” Saturdays IV. Mobilizing Workers A. National War Labor Board 1. Judged disputes between workers and management 2. 8 hour work day 3. Urged businesses to recognize labor unions 4. Promoted equal pay for women B. Women’s War Efforts 1. Women moved into jobs that where traditional for men 2. Red Cross: volunteered as nurses in Europe 3. Almost all women lost their jobs when the men returned home C. Influenza Epidemic on the home front 1. Killed 500,000 Americans 2. Killed 40 million world wide D. Medical Care During the War 1. “shell shock”: battle fatigue and emotional breakdown 2. trench foot: toes would rot due to wet socks and boots E. The Great Migration: 1. 1 million blacks moved from the South to cities in the North 2. Reasons: a. racism b. crop failures c. jobs in the factories in the North Jacob Lawrence V. Influencing Public Opinion A. Propaganda 1. Information given by the gov’t. to make people think a certain way 2. Posters, newspaper stories, speeches 3. Created Hate of Germans in US a. Anti-German; many were fired, beaten or lynched B. Limiting Antiwar Speech Espionage and Sedition Acts: - suspended the 1st Amendment rights for anyone who protested the government or the war - could be fine up to $10,000 and/or sentences to 20 years in prison VI. Treaty of Versailles A. Fourteen Points: 1. Wilson’s plan for world peace 2. Rejected by the Allies b/c it did not punish Germany 3. League of Nations organization of countries to discuss problems to prevent war - The only part of Wilson’s 14 points that was adopted B. GERMANY MUST PAY 1. Demilitarization reduce the military 2. Pay Reparations $33 billion to England and France for war damages 3. War-guilt Clause Germany had to admit it caused the war C. New Countries formed after WWI 1. Formerly part of Russia: Finland Estonia Latvia Poland 2. Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary Yugoslavia VII. Impact of WWI A. Political Overthrew of the monarchies in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. B. Economic U.S. emerged as the world’s leading economic power. C. German Problems 1. Germany could not afford to pay the reparations. 2. Germany sank into a deep economic depression. 3. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party take control of the German government. 4. Blamed Jews and Socialists for the economic depression.