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G u i d e t o R e a d i n g N o t e s 1. No single person founded Hinduism. It developed slowly, over a long period of time, growing out of centuries of older traditions. 3. The caste system affected life in India because people were born into a caste and could not change it. They could only marry within their own caste. 2. Answers will vary. Possible answers: Section 4 Section 2 Vedic religion • oldest roots of Hinduism • named for the Vedas • grew out of traditions brought to India by the Aryans • honored a number of deities associated with nature and social order Brahmanism • more complex rituals • named for Brahmin class of priests and religious scholars • Brahmins interpreted the Vedas and performed required rituals Hinduism • modern-day religion that is very complex • many beliefs, forms of worship, and deities exist, and often differ by region • Vedas remain sacred to many Hindus today 3. The chart is organized from earliest form of religion that contributed to Hinduism to present day. Vedic religion grew into Brahmanism, which influenced modern-day Hinduism. Section 3 1. Brahmins—priests and religious scholars 1. • supreme power that some Hindus believe is greater than all other deities • to these Hindus, only Brahman exists forever • to these Hindus, everything is part of Brahman, including the human soul 2. Followers of the ancient Vedic religion and Brahmanism communicated with their deities by holding elaborate rites and sacrifices outdoors. 3. • magnificent in size and design • doors often face east, toward the rising sun • building are covered with beautiful carvings and sculptures 4. Visuals will vary. Section 5 Answers will vary. Possible answers: 1. • there are many deities in Hindu sacred texts and worship • in some Hindu traditions, there are three important deities • Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva each control one aspect of the universe 2. One effect of this belief on life in India is that literature describes heroic deities battling evil. Vaishyas—herders and merchants 3. Another effect of this belief on life in India is that sacred texts about deities have inspired religious holidays and festivals. Shudras—servants, farmers, laborers 4. Visuals will vary. Kshatriyas—rulers and warriors 2. Answers will vary, but students should show that the caste system changed over time by growing more complex. By medieval times, there were thousands of castes. © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute Learning About World Religions: Hinduism 1 G u i d e t o R e a d i n g N o t e s Section 6 Section 8 Answers will vary. Possible answers: Answers will vary. Possible answers: 1. • dharma stands for law, obligation, and duty 1. • the continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth • each social class was said to have its own duties that involved a certain type of work • Hindus are also expected to follow a common dharma, or set of values 2. One effect of this belief on life in India is that many Hindus value nonviolence because they believe all life forms have a soul. 3. Another effect of this belief on life in India is that the cow is honored as the symbol of Hindus’ respect for life. • samsara ends when the soul escapes from the cycle of reincarnation • it takes many lifetimes before a person can balance his or her karma and be released from samsara 2. One effect of this belief on life in India is that people would worship faithfully according to prescribed rules to free themselves. 4. Visuals will vary. 3. Another effect of this belief on life in India is that ancient Hindus would make pilgrimages to sacred places to cleanse them of their sins. Section 7 4. Visuals will vary. Answers will vary. Possible answers: 1. • karma explains why Hindus should live according to dharma • the law of karma governs what happens to people’s souls after death • karma is made up of all the good and evil that a person had done in past lives 2. One effect of this belief on life in India is that karma was used to explain why people had a certain status in society. 3. Another effect of this belief on life in India is that karma was used to justify the caste system until people started criticizing it. 4. Visuals will vary. © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute Learning About World Religions: Hinduism 2