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Mrs. Cumberland POLITICS, THE EMPIRE, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION POLITICS The monarchy was restored under Charles II (1660) after: The conflict between the king and Parliament culminated in the English Civil Wars ( 1642-51) The execution of Charles I (1649) The austere Commonwealth period under Oliver Cromwell (1649-60) POLITICAL FIGURES Charles I Charles II POLITICS The limitations of royal power and the rights of the citizen were made clearer by the Bill of Rights of 1689 TWO POLITICAL PARTIES By the mid 18th century, England was effectively a constitutional monarchy with a system of government run by a Prime Minister and his cabinet Tories Whigs IT HAS FAULTS The right to vote ( franchise) was limited to property owners and the system was open to abuse REFORM AND LIBERALIZATION Favored by many toward the end of the 18th century, but their minds were changed by the course of the French Revolution after 1789 The outbreak of war between France and Britain in 1793 demanded patriotism EDMUND BURKE ( 1729-97) The spokesman of the aristocratic Tory government of the period said that the English must treasure and support this ‘little platoon’ of England, and thoughts of political reform at home were for the moment set aside. COLERIDGE Dreams that the French Revolution would lead to an era of enlightenment and better justice He became disillusioned with politics In March 1798 he wrote: “I am of no party. It is true, I think the present ministry weak and perhaps unprincipled men, but I could not with a safe conscience vote for their removal.’ By April 1798 fears of a French invasion led him to write in ‘Fears in Solitude’ that, with respect to France, “We have been too long Dupes of a deep delusion…” COLERIDGE He went on to bemoan the fact that, as a radical, he was branded an enemy of Britain by those in authority. ‘But native Briatain! Oh my mother isle! How shouldst thou prove aught else but dear and holy To me, who from thy lakes and mountain-hills, Thy clouds, the quiet dales, thy rocks, and seas, Have drunk in all my intellectual life. All sweet sensations, all ennobling thoughts, All adoration of the God in nature, Whatever makes this mortal spirit feel The joy and greatness of its future being? There lives nor form nor feeling in my soul Unborrowed from my country! Oh divine And beauteous island, thou hast been my sole And most magnificent temple, in the which I walk with awe, and sing my stately songs, Loving the God that made me!’ AFTER THE NAPOLEONIC WARS CAME TO AN END IN 1815 WITH THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO Power in England passed into the hands of a right-wing Tory government which was hated and despised by most Romantics. Shelley’s His attacks were forthright view of the state of the nation in 1819 was summed up in the Sonnet: England in 1819 and The Mask of Anarchy THIRTEEN YEARS PASSED In 1688 both political parties: Whigs/Tories combined to overthrow the Catholic King, James II They invited the Protestant Dutch King, William of Orange to rule jointly with his wife Mary, James’s Protestant daughter. William accepted both the throne and a Bill of rights (1689) BILL OF RIGHTS Recognized the authority of Parliament as representative of the will of the people, and that British monarchs no longer ruled by divine right Glorious Led Revolution ( No bloodshed) to greater stability in Britain Served as the basis for expansion of trade and territory abroad THE CREATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE Reflected an increasingly confident British people The ambitions of Louis XIV of France has been contained by the victories of the Duke of Marlborough in the early 18th century In the middle of the century the French challenge to British power in India was overcome by Robert Clive ( 1725-74) and in Canada by James Cook ( 172759) EXPLORATION Captain James Cook * 1728-79) explored the South Pacific and extended Brittania’s grasp to Australia and the Polynesian Islands However, the American revolution and subsequent loss of American colonies in the later part of the century was very damaging to this emergent national pride. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Advances in science and developments in machinery during the 18th century foreshadowed the Industrial revolution, which rapidly gathered speed during the Romantic period. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION In 1779, Abraham Darby ( 1750-91) completed the world’s first iron bridge, built across the River Severn in Shropshire THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Thomas Telford ( 1757-1834) A Scottish engineer, who constructed many canals, roads and bridges, and was a friend of the poet Robert Southey Canals may appear to be a relatively slow means of transport by today’s standards, but they greatly increased the speed with which raw materials and manufactured goods could be transported from one part of the country to another. THE READING PUBLIC Before the 18th century, those who could read were mainly gentry, clergymen, and educated professional people, and most of their leisure reading was poetry The early 18th century saw a large rise in the number of people, mainly middle-class ladies, who had the time to read, and it was just at this time that the novel emerged to cater for what was soon to become a mass taste. THE READING PUBLIC Daniel Defoe 91660-1731) is often regarded as the first novelist : Robinson Crusoe ( 1719) Moll Flanders ( 1722) THE READING PUBLIC: FASHIONABLE MATERIAL GROWS Fielding Samuel Richardson ( 1689-1761) Tobias Smollett ( 1721-71) Laurence Sterne ( 1713-68) These became fashionable readings THE READING PUBLIC By the end of the century the craze was for the Gothic novel The domestic novels of Jane Austen ( 1775-1817) enjoyed limited popularity at the same time They may have influenced Scott, who admired Austen and favorably reviewed Emma (1816) when he moved from writing poetry to novels he tended to create characters who, within a Romantic setting with Romantic ideas, have their idealism tested in the face of hard reality THE READING PUBLIC Poetry held its place, but it was increasingly reserved for the status of an elevated form of writing that used a specialized language known as “poetic diction” Wordsworth introduced that poems could be written in the language of ordinary people Lyrical Ballads HISTORICAL NOVEL: BYRON AND SCOTT Sold enough of their work to achieve commercial success Buying books could be a costly business The rise of circulating libraries from which books could be borrowed, allowed more and more people ready to access books