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Unit 1 1607-1763 Part 5 Mercantilism: for the selfsufficiency of a nation Colonies for raw materials, resources Colonies for new markets A favorable balance of trade Bullionism Encourage industry at home Navigation Acts to steer trade (tariffs, etc) Benign Neglect Though England passed navigation Acts, she was often willing to look the other way at American colonial misdeeds for the sake of a harmonious relationship with her American colonies. Note: 1607-1776: No member of Parliament had ever even visited the American colonies Remember… The Leviathan by Hobbes promoted mercantilism Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith promoted free market capitalism The Dutch smugglers made it impossible for the English to enforce its navigation acts with her American colonies Trade wars between the Dutch and English led to real wars English Mercantilism Not as rigid as French (Colbert) or Spanish Power of English kings was restricted by parliament BUT most colonial charters specified that if precious metals were found, most would go to the crown Particularly profitable products ALL reserved for England: Tobacco, lumber for shipbuilding… Colonial problems Lack of currency due to: Unfavorable balance of trade with England Lack of gold and silver mines in American colonies English restrictions on Americans issuing paper money…. NOTE: Most colonial legislatures reserved the right to print their own $ in spite of the restrictions until 1764 Triangular Trade Please note: the most important aspect of the general carrying trade used by North America was trade with the West Indies (the British West Indies) 1651 The First Navigation Act Parliament barred foreign ships from the American colonies Prohibited the importation of goods into British ports unless on British ships (American colonists’ ships were considered British) Barred foreign ships from English coastal trade The Above provoked the first of 3 Anglo-Dutch Wars 1660 The Second Navigation Act 1651 Act was passed during the Interregnum, It’s legality was in question Second Navigation Act (after the Restoration) was just insurance Reserved the whole trade of Am. Colonies to British ships Required the Ship Captains and ¾ of ships’ crews to be British (Americans were considered British citizens) Certain articles could not be transported outside of the Empire: tobacco, cotton, ginger, indigo 1663 The Third Navigation Act All European products destined for the colonies had to go through England first NOTE: The Navigation Acts protected the colonies too. The English provided a ready market for their raw materials and paid fair prices The English were busy 1664-67 1668-97 1702-13 1739 Trade 1740-48 Second Dutch War War of the League of Augsburg War of the Spanish Succession Brief war with Spain over the Slave War of the Austrian Succession Other British Legislation enforcing the navigation Acts: 1699 The Woolens Act: Prohibited the export (but not the manufacture for local sale) of colonial wool and other cloth 1632 The Hat Act : Similar to above regarding hats 1733 The Iron Act: outlawed the construction of new iron mills. Designed to steer the industry; not destroy it. By 1775, America was turning out 1/7 of the world’s supply of iron. The Molasses Act (1733) High taxes on molasses and Sugar transported into the colonies NOTE: This was DIFFERENT than other navigation acts. This act represented a tariff for revenue …and yet the colonists did not complain…why? The Molasses Act was rarely enforced. In Disputes with the Mother Country… …the colonies usually lost BUT the English were very inefficient. Also, they could be bribed, piracy was common, and the English often looked the other way. (Benign Neglect) Also, English products were usually superior to those made by other European countries and they tended to be cheaper too. Relations between England and America were harmonious As late as the 1750’s, 1760’s, and even into the 1770’s most in America believed themselves to be loyal Englishmen There was very little cooperation between the colonies Proof: The Albany Plan of Union of 1754: Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union: A suggestion that the colonies unify for the purpose of common defense against the Indians This would have benefitted ALL of the colonies but not one was willing to agree to it…proof that the colonists were NOT unified by the mid 1750’s The Albany Plan of Union BY 1750 The original colonists were dead Those who were here had never been to England Many of their parents had fled England to escape poverty of persecution The colonies were founded with little help or interference from the British government. BUT the American colonists NEEDED the British for protection from the French and the Indians France and England Constant warfare between France and England in Europe, the Mediterranean, India, East Indies, America It was not at all unusual for war to break out in one area of the world and then spill into another area of the world British advantages over the French There were more British colonists than French colonists in America (1.5 million v 90,000) England had control of the seas (for transport of troops and supplies) The English settlers were in a compact line of settlement along the coast (while the French were spread out in the interior) French Advantages over the English The French had a unified command (The English king had to share power with Parliament) The Americans were not really unified Colonial perspective… American colonists usually refused to fight outside of their own colonies (when they agreed to serve at all) Americans avoided paying taxes for defense Americans engaged in illegal trade with the French and the Indians The French and Indian War (aka the Seven Years’ War) 1754-1763 The British and the Iroquois The French, most other tribes, and the Spanish It began in the Ohio Valley… By 1749 The Iroquois had finally allowed British fur traders into the interior of the country The French were already there and built Ft. Duquesne there in 1753 Lt. Gov. Dinwittie told a young surveyor, George Washington, to ride out to the fort and tell the French that they must leave Ft. Duquesne as it was on English territory Washington did as he was told … The French reply was, We are not leaving.” Dinwiddie gave Washington a promotion to Lt. Colonel and 150 men and was told to take the fort. (was outnumbered 4 to 1) Washington and his men were surprised by a very small French reconnaissance party and in the end was captured. Washington and his men were marched to Ft. Duquesne and was then released. Washington was hailed as a hero! Washington had struck the first blow against the French British sent General Braddock to take command Braddock with 1400 (and Washington) attacked. BUT was defeated by an ambush by a much smaller French force. Braddock died here Washington and 500 others…back to Va War Atrocities Native Americans had 150 years of pent-up frustration aimed at the colonists Delaware Tribe was so vicious that Braddock paid British troops and Iroquois for scalps of Indians and the French Many early English defeats William Pitt PM Impressed Colonial soldiers Spent LOTS of $ Promoted talented soldiers from within By July 1758 Fort Louisburg captured by the Brits Fort Duquesne fell and was renamed Fort Pitt Then Fort Niagara fell to the Brits Pitt was able to relax his policies The victories caused the American colonists to fight willingly The Peace of Paris To England From France: Some territory in the West Indies Some colonies in India All of Canada All possessions east of the Mississippi (except for New Orleans) Peace of Paris From France to Spain (remember, Spain was a French ally) New Orleans French possessions west of the Mississippi Peace of Paris From Spain to England Florida The Peace of Paris Signaled the end of France as a colonial power Impact of the War: The American colonists no longer needed British protection from the French and the Indians Americans believed it meant the opening of the West A New British Attitude Brits were angry with the Iroquois. Believed that they did not do their part. So policy of extermination will include the Iroquois from now on. British angry with the American colonists who did not do their fair share either… A New British Attitude During the War… Americans were unwilling to fight Americans tried to avoid paying taxes supporting the war Americans traded goods with the enemy during the war! (Smuggling during war time = treason!) British Attitude The End of Benign Neglect The Americans colonists must pay their fair share from now on The Brits had acquired a huge debt in the French and Indian War which was fought to protect Americans from the French and Indians