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Time Distance Second Minute = 60 seconds Hour = 60 minutes Day = 24 Hour Year = 365 Days Decade = 10 Years Century = 100 Years Millennium = 1000 Years 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm) 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 millimeters 10 decimeters = 1 meter (m) = 1000 millimeters 10 meters = 1 dekameter (dam) 10 dekameters = 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters 10 hectometers = 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters Units of Measurement and Time Units of Measurement and Time Handout (15pts) Roman Numerals come from the Ancient Roman Numerals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Roman number system. These are the first 10 Roman Numerals I II 6. VI III 7. VII IV 8. VIII V 9. IX 10. X Higher Number Roman Numerals. L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1,000 What is this number? XIV = ??? Write the Roman Roman Numeral Practice Numeral for the following XXX = ??? MCI = ??? MMM= ??? XM= ??? If you have a X with an I in front of it, it is 9. Why? What about IV? Numbers. 100 150 14 17 1456 2540 One of the main places you will encounter Roman Numerals will be on clocks. Roman Numerals on a Clock 1. Archaeology 2. Artifact 3. Ice Age 4. Migration 5. Culture 6. Civilization 7. Theocracy 8. Hieroglyphics 9. Terrace 10. Drought 11. Adobe 12. Federation 13. Bartholomeu Dias 14. Vasco da Gama 15. Christopher Columbus 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Juan Ponce de Leon Montezuma Ferdinand Magellan Astrolabe Caravel Pilgrimage Mosque Conquistador Pueblo Mission Front of Paper Plantation Unit I Vocabulary (26pts) If you copy the definitions directly from the text book, you will only receive 50% of the points. Use your own words to define. Vocabulary Poster = 10pts Back of Paper Word Definition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Aztec Establish Tenochtitlan*** Using your textbook; Inca Empire begins to Expand 1. Put these events in the right chronological order, Maya empire reaches peak.*** 2. Also include a picture Asian hunters enter north America*** symbolizing EACH event. 3. and write 2-3 sentences Last Ice Age ends briefly describing the The Crusades begin events marked with***. Rise of Olmec in Mexico Beginnings of Civilization; Timeline Tutorial Project (30pts) 1. Iroquois form League of Five Nations 2. Jamestown Settled 3. England defeats Spanish Armada 4. John Cabot sails to Newfoundland Using your textbook; 1. Put these events in the right chronological order, 2. Also include a picture symbolizing EACH event. 3. and write 2-3 sentences briefly describing the events. 5. Christopher Columbus reaches America 6. Martin Luther promotes church reform 7. Pilgrims found Plymouth Exploring the Americas Timeline Project (30pts) Early Peoples •The Journey from Asia. • The first Americans arrived THOUSANDS of years ago. • By 1500ad millions of Native Americans lived on North and South America. • It is suspected that the early people crossed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. • They did this to find food during an Ice Age. Early Americans Early Americans were Nomads (people who moved place to place). • They were also hunter-gatherer societies. • They hunted things such as the Wooly Mammoths. • They used spears to kill bison, mastodons, and mammoths. They used the spears as throwing weapons. Early Americans As the large animals disappeared they had to find new sources for food. • Deer, birds, rodents, fish, and smaller game. The BIG discovery however was in Mexico where they discovered how to plant and grow Maize (corn). • They also grew pumpkins, beans, squash. With the surplus of food, the population began to increase. Permanent Settlement Since these people knew they would have food from their harvest they began to create permanent houses, and to expand their culture. These houses were made of clay, brick, wood, stone. Agriculture changed the culture by allowing these people to have more free time. Thee major civilizations existed in the Americas, they were the Mayas, the Aztecs, and the Incas. Early American Civilizations The Maya The Maya were in present-day Mexico. They planted; • Maize (corn), beans, sweet potatoes. They were ruled by their religious leaders. (Theocracy) They also were advanced scientifically and created and used a very accurate system for telling time/calendar. The Maya civilization began to decline in 900ad. Mayan Calendar The Aztec The Aztec civilization began in the 1300’s. The built their capital on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. • Their capital was called Tenochtitlan. • At its height Tenochtitlan was the largest city in the Americas. • The Aztecs were conquered by the Spanish Conquistadore Hernan Cortes. They didn’t put up much of a fight because of disease and the Spaniards superior weapons. Aztec Human Sacrifice Worksheet (10pts) The Inca The Inca Empire became the largest of the three. Their capital was Cuzco. They had an excellent emperor named Pachacuti, he helped to build a militaristic empire. North American People North American civilizations were also flourishing long before Europeans crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the most advanced cultures were the Hohokam, Anasazi, and the Mound Builders. Anasazi Cliff Dwellings The Hohokam They lived in present day Arizona. They flourished from 300ad-1300ad. They were very advanced at utilizing irrigation systems. They also left behind a lot of pottery and art. The Anasazi The Anazazi were present during the same time as the Hohokam (300-1300ad). They lived in the “Four Corners” area. (Present day Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Anaszai lived in Cliffdwellings. Adena and Hopewell were two of the groups known as the mound builders. They built mounds similar to the stone pyramids of the Maya and Aztecs. The Great Serpent Mound looks like a giant snake winding across the ground. The Mound Builders Other Native North Americans The Inuit people lived way up in North America, around the Arctic Ocean. They built Igloos and their clothing was made of furs and sealskin (was warm and waterproof). They were expert hunter and fishers. Inuit People Peoples of Tlingit, Haida, and Chinook thea wayWest developed of life that used the resources of the Forest and the Sea. They had wooden houses, canoes, and used spears and nets. They fished a lot of Salmon. People of the Southwest These people were descendents of the Anasazi. The Hopi, Acoma, and the Zuni. They built their homes out of a type of mudbrick called Adobe. They raised a wide variety of crops. These people were joined in the 1500’s by the Apache and the Navajo. • Unlike the others the Apache and Navajo were hunter-gatherer societies. Peoples of the Plains The peoples of the Great Plains (central north America) were Nomadic. When they moved they brought with them EVERYTHING. They also lived in tepees. Eventually these people became skilled horse riders and hunted while on horseback. They also utilized horses during warfare. These people had a much more complex political systems. The Iroquois and Cherokee They utilized many law codes and federations that linked different groups. Iroquois Nations Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga. These were all tribes that were once at war, then were united in the Iroquois League. Peoples of the East and Southeast Reasons for Exploration Three G’s God, Glory, Gold. Merchants could make tons of money selling goods from the Orient. If they had direct routes they could cut out the middle man and make more money. People wanted to spread Christianity. During this time the Renaissance was in full swing in Europe. They wanted to continue to develop and utilize new technologies. Coming out of the Renaissance there was an abundance of new technology that allowed for easier exploration. Better Maps and better ships were the two main advances which allowed for exploration. Maps began to show the direction of ocean currents, and lines of latitude. They also began to use a compass. Technology Allowed for Exploration Latitude and Longitude Map Homework (15pts) African Trading Kingdoms The African Kingdoms on the west coast of Africa also benefited from these new technologies. They traded gold, copper, and Iron with Islamic nations, as well as European nations. Eventually they traded what? Slaves. How did the Slave trade begin? Early Exploration Causes of European Exploration When Columbus and other early explorers began to sail, their maps only showed three continents. • Europe, Asia, and Africa. • They also did not realize how large the oceans actually are. • Do we really know anything about oceans today? • European desire for new trade routes (mostly to the orient) • Growing power and wealth of European nations. •Competition for trade. •Missionaries’ desire to convert others to Christianity • • • • Effects of European Exploration Knowledge grows about other regions. Europeans and Native Americans clash. Enslavement of Africans Rivalry in the Americas grows. Early Explorers Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal, 1487) Sent to explore the southernmost part of Africa. (Cape of Good Hope) Vasco da Gama (Portugal, 1497) Sent from Portugal with four ships. Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and visited cities along the coast of East Africa. Eventually making it to India. Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain even though he was Italian. He thought he could reach Asia by sailing west. Eventually Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella funded Columbus plan to sail west to get east. Christopher Columbus On August 3, 1492 Columbus set sail from Spain with three ships. The Nina, The Pinta, and the Santa Maria. Two months later Columbus and his crew spotted land in present day Bahamas. Christopher Columbus Biography Homework (15pts) The Vikings Centuries before Columbus had reached the Americas, the Vikings had visited Iceland and Greenland and established colonies. The Vikings tried to establish permanent settlement in the Americas however they did not succeed. The “World” did not discover the Americas until Columbus’ voyage. Spain in America The Spanish had a large presence in the development of America. Spanish Conquistadores came over to Central and Southern America and conquered the remnants of the Incas, and Aztecs. Cortes Conquers the Aztecs Hernan Cortes landed on the East Coast of Mexico in 1519. He like the other Conquistadores was after Gold and Glory. He had roughly 500 soldiers, some horses, and some cannons. Cortes made alliances with the small tribes that were conquered by the Aztecs. Eventually with the help of these tribes Cortes overthrew Montezuma (leader of the Aztecs) This caused the Aztec Empire to dissipate and Spain gained control of the region. Pizzaro Conquers Peru Francisco Pizzaro was the downfall of the Incan Empire. In 1532 he captured the Incan ruler Atahualpa and destroyed most of the Inca army. Without an effective leader, Pizzaro and his troops quickly stomped out the Incas. Spanish Technology • • • • • Guns Horses Armor Cannons Ships Inca Technology • Bows and Arrows • Spears • TERRIFIED of horses • Never had seen guns or armor. Technology Difference Why did Spain Succeed Why could the smaller Spanish Armies take over empires many times larger than them? Weapons (guns, cannons, horses) Assistance from other tribes (many tribes hated the Aztecs and united with the Spanish against them.) Disease (smallpox wiped out LARGE groups of Native Americans.) Ponce De Leon Pone De Leon made the first Spanish landing in North America. Present Day Florida. He was searching for the Fountain of Youth. In 1565 The Spanish established their first settlement in North America. St. Augustine. Spanish settlements Spanish law called for three kinds of settlements in the Americas; Pueblos Towns, and the center of trade. Missions Religious communities, usually including a small town, farmland, and a church. Presido Fort that was usually built by a mission. San Jose Mission Encomienda and the Plantation System In the 1500’s the Spanish government granted Conquistadores encomendia. • This allowed them to demand taxes and labor from the Native Americans on their land. Many plantations began to rise to export Tobacco Leaves tobacco and sugarcane. A plantation is a large estate. • Native Americans originally worked the farms, however they were eventually replaced by slaves from Africa. Sugar Cane The Columbian Exchange Two parts of the globe were now connected. The Americas to the west, and Europe/Africa, to the east. This led to an exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that altered life on both sides of the Atlantic. Portugal and Spain had a trade (The Treaty of Tordesillas) that split the Americas between Spain and Portugal. However other nations completely ignored the treaty when the came to the Americas. These other countries were England, France, and the Netherlands. More Countries begin to Settle French Open Trading Posts France had shown relatively little interest in establishing colonies in the Americas. They viewed North America as an opportunity to make large profits selling furs, and trading fish. Beaver pelts and furs were very popular in Europe and the French made large profits. Dutch West India Company The Dutch established a trading colonies in the Americas. Like England, France, Spain, and Portugal they also established Permanent colonies. Colonies Map Project Utilize the blank map to label/color the 13 original colonies. Also include the date which the Colonies were created. Colonies Map Answers Early English Settlements England and Spain had been heading toward war for years. They were rivals in nearly every category. Religion, territory, exploration. The English finally achieved victory in 1604 and defeated the Spanish Armada. England was now free to start colonies in North America, Spanish Naval Dominance was over. Lost Colony of Roanoke There was an English colony on Roanoke Island. (coast of North Carolina). Roanoke had one very harsh winter, when the winter was over people went to the island to help settle. Everyone was gone. The only clue they found was the word Croatoan. The colonist were never seen again. Jamestow n Captain John Smith was an experienced soldier and explorer. He became the governor of Jamestown. Pocahontas did NOT marry John Smith. She married his successor John Rolfe. Jamestown Jamestown became the first permanent English colony. The town almost didn’t succeed. After a hard winter and Captain John Smiths return to England the colony failed to stockpile enough food. By early 1608 only 38 people were still alive. When Tobacco from the west indies was introduced it became a commercial success and guaranteed that Jamestown would survive. Pocahontas Don’t write this down. The marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe in 1614 was followed by eight years of peace between the Native Americans and the English. When the Rolfes went to England, Pocahontas was received with royal honor by King James I and Queen Anne. When Pocahontas died of smallpox in 1617, Thomas Rolfe (her son), was educated in England. Upon Thomas’s return to Virginia, he became an important settler. Today many prominent Virginians claim to be his descendents. New England Colonies Unlike the Jamestown settlers the next major wave of settlers came to the Americas searching for Religious Freedom. The two major groups were the; Puritans: They wanted to reform the Anglican Church (Church of England). Separatists: They wanted to set up their own churches. Pilgrims Separatists gained their religious freedom by giving the Virginia Company a share of any profits they made. They also considered themselves Pilgrims because their journey had a religious purpose. Mayflower Compact They Mayflowers passengers planned to settle in the Virginia colony. Instead they made land fall at Cape Cod. Before they made landfall they all signed The Mayflower Compact which they agreed to follow all laws passed and establish a civil body politic. Basically this is a foundation for a representative government. Where people give up some of their freedoms for the greater good. Help From the Indians During their first winter in Cape Cod nearly ½ of the settlers died from malnutrition and exposure. In the spring some Native Americans befriended the remaining colonists. Squanto and Samoset, showed the Pilgrims how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins and where to hunt and fish. The Pilgrims also signed a treaty with Massasoit one of the major tribal leaders, and lived in harmony… New Settlements In 1625 another large group of people came seeking religious freedom, and to establish a society based on the bible. These people were the Puritans. John Winthrop, became the colony governor. They settled in Boston. During the 1630’s more than 15,000 Puritans moved to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and hard economic times in England. This became known as the Great Migration. Expansions into Connecticut and Rhode Island Some of the colonists did not like the way Winthrop was running the colony. They and some of their followers moved to close areas to establish their own colonies. Hartfod Connecticut and into Rhode Island. More Religious Freedom Some people felt that their religious freedom was even challenged in America. They didn’t want a religious government, they only wanted to practice anyway that they chose to. This allowed for more and more colonies to begin to form in North East America. Conflict with the Natives With the Europeans continually increasing in numbers, and expanding their colonial presence there was also many conflicts with the Native Americans. New colonies would move into Native land without permission or payment. Many battles occurred between the colonists and the Indians resulting in deaths on both sides. Religious Freedom (15pts) Take out a separate piece of binder paper. Write ½ a page explaining why having freedom of religion is important. Write another ½ a page about what happens when people try to force their own religious views on others. Ex) Crusades, Terrorists, Jihads, Suicide bombers. Middle Colonies New Amsterdam, became New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Pennsylvania was nearly as large as England. Its founder was William Penn, a Quaker. Southern Colonies Maryland (founded by Lord Baltimore) Instead of focusing on just Tobacco as their crops they made every farmer who planted tobacco had to plant two acres of corn. Established as a safe place for Catholics escaping from England. Virginia was continually expanding. Carolinas were also settled. 1st Permanent Settlement Reasons Founded Founders or Leaders Massachusetts 1620 Religious Freedom John winthrop New Hampshire 1620 Profit from trade and Fishing Ferdinando Gorges, John Mason Rhode Island 1636 Religious Freedom Roger Williams Connecticcut 1635 Profit from fur trade, farming; religious and political freedom Thomas Hooker New York 1624 Expand trade Dutch Settlers Delaware 1638 Expand trade Swedish Settlers New Jersey 1638 Profit from selling land John Berkeley, George Carteret Pennsylvania 1682 Profit from selling land; religious freedom William Penn Virginia 1607 Expand trade John Smith Maryland 1634 To sell land; religious freedom Cecil Calvert North Carolina 1660s Profit from trade and selling land Group of Eight Aristocrats South Carolina 1670 Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats Georgia 1733 Religious freedom; protection against spanish florida; safe home for debtors. Colony New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies New France The British were not the only Europeans colonizing North America. The Spanish and French had created colonies of their own. French founded Quebec in 1608. Most of their settlements were along rivers as their main reason for being in North America was to capture beavers and sell their pelts. Flag of New France New Spain In the 1600’s while other European nations were colonizing North America, Spain had solidified its hold in Mexico, Central, and South America. They also had Missions in California. A mission is a religious settlement established to convert people to a particular faith. Life in the Colonies The population of the Colonies expanded greatly. From 250,000 in 1700 to 2,500,000 people in 1770. Large influxes of immigration, as well as people having LARGE families led to this population growth. All colonies sustained themselves through farming. Triangular Trade One of the largest trading routes involved the Colonies, England, and West Africa. This was called Triangular Trade. Sugar and Molasses went to the colonies Was turned into rum The rum was sent to Africa and traded for slaves The slaves went to where the sugar and molasses were being farmed… etc. The Middle Passage The Middle Passage was part of this Triangular trade. It was the part from Africacolonies/west indies. African slaves would be put on a ship and locked down below during the entire voyage from Africa to America. Southern Economy The Southern Economy turned to certain types of farming. Tobacco and Rice were two big crops. Tobacco was the principal cash crop. It was farmed in the south, then sold in Europe. It was hard to farm and was labor intensive (led to slaves) In South Carolina and Georgia they grew a lot of rice. This was also labor intensive and was a cause for more slaves to be sent to America. Slavery Most slaves worked and lived on Plantations. Some worked inside the house (house slaves), but most were used for physical labor. Slaves were often whipped, or hung for breaking the established rules. Those who ran away were usually killed. A majority of southerners did NOT own slaves. Mercantilism The theory of mercantilism is that… As a nations trade grows, its gold reserves increase, and the nation becomes more powerful. In order to insure that they were making money England had to make sure that they were exporting (sending out) more goods than they were importing (taking in from foreign markets). Troubles brewing With the American Colonies in full swing Britain wanted to find ways to benefit the most from their trade. Navigation Acts: England controlled where the colonies goods went, and who shipped them. They ensured that ENGLAND and NOT the COLONIES were in charge of all products. Certain products like sugar and tobacco were ONLY allowed to be shipped to England directly. Smugglers Of course some Colonist didn’t like these laws and wanted to ensure that THEY were the ones making money. They were called smugglers. They traded illegally with other countries. These controls over trade would cause major problems in the future between England and the Colonies. Smuggler’s Cove (25pts) You will draw a picture of your “Perfect” smuggler’s cove (hideout) You will also write a 2 pg FICTIONAL story about a crew of smugglers, and their adventure. Include names of main smugglers (captain, some crew etc) What they were after (treasure, money, different ship) Imagine you are writing a STORY for a movie or TV show. If you don’t want to draw a picture you can write a 2.5-3pg story. If you don’t want to write a story you can draw a comic strip of at least 8 scenes. Colonial Government By the 1600’s English colonists had many ideas about how a government should run. They already had the idea that a government should not be all powerful, even if run by a king. There were attempts to limit the kings authority in the past. Magna Carta 1215 established a limited monarchy. Colonial Government They brought with them ideas about how a government should run. Trial by jury Limited governmental power Representative government. These ideas were NOT widely practiced by other nations. Different Types of Colonies Charter Colonies (Connecticut, Rhode Island) Established by settlers who had been given a charter, or a grant of rights and privileges. They elected their own governors and members of the legislature. Proprietary Colonies (Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania) Given land by Britain, free to rule as they wished. Royal Colonies (Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, south Carolina, Virginia. Britain directly ruled all royal colonies. The King appointed the governor and council. This led to a lot of conflict between the colonist and their colonies leaders. Voting Rights Generally only white men who owned property could vote. Nearly all women, indentured servants, poor, and African Americans could not vote. Despite these limitations MORE people in the Colonies could vote than anywhere else in the world. Great Awakening From the 1720’s to the 1740’s a religious revival was taking place. The Great Awakening was a rebirth of strong religious faith. Two important preachers during this time were; Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. The great awakening led to the formation and reform of many new churches, and beliefs. Colonial Life The culture in the colonies began to drastically change from that in England. A colonial farm was both a home and a workplace. Mothers and fathers raised children, Women Cooked, made butter and cheese, prepared food. Make clothes, raised chickens and cows. They also worked in the fields next to their husbands. MenHeads of the house, managed the farms and represented the family in the community. Youth in the Colonies The colonies sons and daughters often became apprentices of someone else. They learned a trade, or became more specialized in the workforce. Most colonists valued education. The children were usually taught to read and write at home by the parents. New laws began to pass in some colonies that ensured there was access to public schools. These schools were almost always ran and taught by women. Great Awakening Worksheet (15pts) Why is it important that they went to school? Enlightenment and its Effects During the middle 1700’s the colonist were influenced by the Enlightenment. This was the spread of ideas, knowledge, reason, and science to improve daily life. The best known American scientist was Benjamin Franklin. Another important event was taking place regarding Freedom of the Press… Freedom of Speech? DON’T WRITE DOWN. Freedom of Speech was NOT a common occurrence during this time period. In many places if you spoke ill of a king or lord you were severely punished. In America however John Peter Zenger publically criticised the governor of New York. He was brought up on charged and found NOT GUILTY. This was an important stepping stone in Americas development of Freedoms. British and French Tensions Great Britain and France had been fierce competitor's in nearly everything for centuries. Often going to war. Now English Colonies had expanded near French Territories in the Americas. Native Americans Both the French and the English knew that Native Americans (Indians) could be a valued ally in times of war. The French had already established long standing relationships with the Natives while the British had not… Why? French were mostly interested in trading and not permanent settlement. English had taken land from the Natives by force and were planning to stay permanently. George Washington’s First Command In 1754 at just 21 years old George Washington received his first command. He was only a Lt. Colonel. He was defeated by the French and taken captive, however he was later released. Even though he was defeated legends spread of his Courage and he was regarded as a Hero for starting the fight against the French. Albany Plan of Union Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan known as the Albany Plan of Union in which 11 of the colonies would be under the same rule, in order to protect themselves against the French. EVERY SINGLE COLONY rejected this plan. Why? They didn’t want to give up their individual powers. By not being united they were not as strong to fight the French. French and Indian War With George Washington’s defeat at Fort Necessity in 1754 it marked the beginning of a mini-war between the Colonist and the French and their Indian allies. French and Indian War Worksheet (20pts) New Wars Indians fought on both the side of Britain and France. This was just one small war between Britain and France, it was more a war over global dominance than over territory in the Americas. This war also started another war back in Europe, The Seven Years War, between France and Britain. Pitt Takes Charge For several years the English were losing in both America and over seas. William Pitt then took power as Prime Minister, he was a brilliant military planner. He began to pay for war supplies for the Americas out of Britain’s treasury. Raising up an enormous DEBT. Why would this debt matter later on? Colonist were forced to pay increased taxes. The Fall of New France Under Pitts guidance the Colonist and Britain begin to win. By 1759 France had all but given up. The Treaty of Paris 1763, Forced French to give a majority of their lands to Britain. Spain who was Frances ally was forced to give Florida to great Britain. No more France With the Treaty of Paris signed, France was no longer a power in the Americas. The continent was now basically divided between England and Spain. The dividing line was the Mississippi River. Proclamation of 1763 The Proclamation of 1763 stopped all westward expansion by Colonists, at the Appalachian Mountains. This angered many people, however with this Proclamation and the end of the French and Indian War, there was a short period of peace. Test Review Questions What is an apprenticeship? Why was it important to have apprentices? 2. What was the Albany Plan of Union, did this plan work why/why not? 3. What was the Proclamation of 1763, what was the colonial reaction to this? 4. Why did more Indians side with the French in the French and Indian War? 5. Describe triangular trade, and how the middle passage is involved. 6. Describe George Washington’s early career, did anything of significance happen to him? Unit II Standards Review HW 1. Unit 3 Vocabulary (20pts) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Revenue Boycott Repeal Propaganda Militia Minutemen Loyalists Patriots Preamble Mercenary Benedict Arnold Blockade Inflation Privateer Ratify 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Desert Thomas Paine General Charles Cornwallis Battle of York Town Daughters of Liberty If you copy the definitions directly from the text book, you will only receive 50% of the points. Use your own words to define. Vocab Poster = 5pts. Word (on back) Definition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION. Front of Card Taxation Without Representation With the French and Indian War leaving a huge financial debt for Great Britain they passed many new taxes and laws for the Colonies. They punished smugglers more harshly. They began to enact a series of new taxes. New Taxes 1764 Sugar Act 1765 The Stamp Act 1767 Townshend Acts Taxation Without Representation With all of the new taxes the colonists were furious. Why would they be mad? They had taxes passed on them without being able to have a voice in the British Parliament. That is Taxation without representation. Being taxed without having a voice in the government. Being taxed by people 3000 miles away from them. The Sugar Act George Greenville the Prime Minister of Britain tried to increase revenue (income) for Great Britain. One way he did this was by passing new taxes. The Sugar Act was designed to stop smuggling. It LOWERED the taxes on molasses (raw form of sugar) in order to stop the colonist from smuggling it. How would this work? If something cost less, you might pay for it, instead of steal it. THE DOWNSIDE: It also allowed officers to seize goods from smugglers without going to court. The Stamp Act This act placed a tax on almost ALL printed material. Newspapers, pamphlets, wills, playing cards. Because SO MANY items were taxed it effected nearly every colonist. The Stamp Act was heavily protested. In March 1766 British Parliament gave in to the Colonists demands and repealed (stopped) the Stamp Act. Townshend Acts Very soon after the Stamp Act was repealed Parliament passed the Townshend Acts. These new taxes taxed EVERYTHING imported into the colonies. Included everyday items such as glass, tea, paper, lead. All products that the colonies did not produce and were forced to import. Comic Book Taxes… Project (20pts) Draw a comic depicting peoples reactions as they got each new tax… (make sure the taxes are in the right order.) Include the following Years the taxes were put into effect Each scene should show how a town reacted to ANOTHER tax, OR show the items that were being taxed. Minimum of three scenes. Alternatively, you can create a short story/diary entry to complete this assignment (min 1.5pg) Use your notes to ensure you have the right dates/things being taxed. (There are three separate taxes) Boston Massacre Tensions between the Colonist and the British were at an all time high. Protests over taxes were common throughout the colonies. On March 5, 1770 that tension boiled over. The Boston Massacre. Angry townspeople cornered British “Redcoats” and pelted them with rocks, snowballs, and bats. The Redcoats responded and shoot 7 times. Killing 5 colonists. The Boston Tea Party Another act was passed in 1773. The Tea Act. This act made Tea easily shippable INTO the colonies, how does that factor into the Townshend act? Samuel Adams and the Boston sons of Liberty snuck onto the Dartmouth (ship) December 16th 1773, disguised as Indians wearing their hair in Mohawks, threw 342 chests of Tea Overboard. (Equivalent to 1,000,000 dollars of today’s money. The King of England said of this event “we must master them or totally leave them alone” What does that mean? Boston Event’s You are now responsible for completing the Boston Tea Party interview assignment, and the Boston Massacre propaganda project. Do the INTERVIEW project first. Interview Project is due one week from today. Reaction to the Tea Party 1774 Parliament passed the Coercive Acts which was intended to punish Boston. It closed down the Boston Harbor until they paid for the spilled Tea. This meant that Boston would get no food, or other supplies that arrived by ship. They were also not allowed to have town meetings. They were in effect losing their rights. A Call to Arms Knowing what was to come all of the Colonies (except Georgia) sent delegates to a meeting in Philadelphia. September 1774, 55 men gathered together to establish a political body to represent AMERICAN interest and challenge British Control. They called the new group The Continental Congress. Important Delegates John Adams Samuel Adams John Jay Richard Henry Lee John Adams Patrick Henry George Washington. George Washington Samuel Adams Decisions of the Congress The delegates all had different ideas but were united by a common cause and vision. They drafted a statement of grievances calling to Britain that 13 acts passed since 1763 should be repealed. They also voted to boycott (protest) all British goods and trade. They also decided to arm the colonists. Types of Soldiers The colonists did not have a large standing army. Instead they relied on a few different types of soldiers. Militia: groups of citizen soldiers. Normal people armed with guns. Minutemen: men who promised they would fight and be ready within a minute. (basically they lived normally until they were needed). The Colonists were preparing for the battle that everyone knew was coming. Britain’s Response The British knew what was coming and King George said “blows must decide” who will control the Americas. By April 1775 several thousand redcoats (British Soldiers) were in the Americas. The First Battle Lexington and Concord The redcoats found out that the colonists were keeping their arms in a depot in Concord. April 18, 1775 the redcoats met a force of about 70 minutemen. A shot was fired, then both sides let loose. Eight minutemen lay dead, then they retreated. When the British arrived in Concord they found that the militias weapons had already been moved. As the British rode toward Boston farmers, blacksmiths, saddle makers, etc all hid and shot at the redcoats. By the time they reached Boston 174 had been shot and wounded, and 73 had been killed. Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold was a Captain in the Connecticut militia. He switched sides and became a General in the British army. He was known as a traitor. Benedict Arnold Homework Building an Army After Lexington and Concord they sent out calls for people to join the army. 20,000 people joined and for weeks the British and American troops waited to see who would make the next move. The Path to War (25pts) Make a cause and effect chart which depicts reasons why the Colonies went to war with Great Britain. Include… Taxes (Sugar, Townshend, Stamp) Events (Boston tea party, Boston massacre) First Battle (Lexington and Concord) You can do this assignment 1 of 2 ways. WRITE 2-3 Sentences about each major event for cause, and 2-3 sentences for effect. Draw a comic strip that depicts the cause and effect of each event. Write a ½ page summary as well. The Battle of Bunker Hill June 16, 1775. 1200 militia set up defense atop of Bunker Hill. The British decided to take the hill. The British charged up the hill and the Americans were winning… however they were running low on gunpowder (basically bullets). “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes” was a famous quote from this battle. Eventually the Americans ran out of gunpowder and retreated. The British won the battle however lost 1000 men. They now realized this would not be an easy war. Picking Sides With a revolution underway the average colonist had to pick sides. Loyalists: Choose to side with the British. They thought that taxes were not reason enough to rebel. They thought the British would win and wanted to be on the winning side. Patriots: were determined to fight the British until they won their independence. Moving Toward Independence The Second Continental Congress began to govern the colonies. It set up the printing of money It created a Continental Army Appointed George Washington as the Armies Commander. Important Members of the Second continental Congress John and Samuel Adams Patrick Henry Richard Henry Lee George Washington. Benjamin Franklin: one of the most respected men in the colonies. John Hancock: Wealth Merchant who funded many patriot groups. Thomas Jefferson: Brilliant thinker and writer. Last Chance In July of 1774 in order to avoid going to full scale war the Second Continental Congress sent King George a petition called The Olive Branch Petition. It ensured the king that the colonist only desired peace. It asked the King to protect the colonists rights. King George refused, and sent even more troops to America. Common Sense Common Sense Primary Source Homework In 1776 Thomas Paine published a pamphlet called Common Sense. It called for the complete independence from Britain. “Stop squabbling over taxes, and struggle for freedom” Common Sense Handout Declaration of Independence Jefferson was chosen to write the Declaration. July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was approved. John Hancock was the first to sign the Declaration. Declaration of Independence The Declaration has three major sections. Preamble (introduction) Declaration of Natural Rights List of Grievances Preamble When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of natures god entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. Declaration of Natural Rights We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are institution among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be change for light and transiet causes; and accordingly all experience hate shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, that to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reducte them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses: For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule in these colonies: For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments: For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. Resolution of Independence by the United States We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. People who Signed the Declaration New Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton Massachusetts: John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery Connecticut: Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott New York: William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris New Jersey: Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross Delaware: Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton The American Revolution The American Revolution lasted from 1776-1783. America declared its independence in 1776, war was unavoidable. Both sides thought the war would be short. English thought they would crush the rebellion. Patriots thought the British would give up. After losing a few battles. Military Forces British Strongest Navy in the world. Experienced well trained army. Wealth of a worldwide empire. Population of 8million. • American – – – – No navy. No regular army. No military experience. Weapons and ammo in short supply. – Population of 2.5million. – Some colonials didn’t support the revolution. Loyalists, or neutrals. Loyalists Loyalists: Those who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. Also called Tories. 1/5 Americans were loyalists. (Speculated maybe as many as 1/3.) “Neighbor was against neighbor, father against son and son against father. He that would not thrust his own blade through his brother’s heart was called an infamous villain.” They supported the British for many reasons. 1. They supported whoever they thought would win. 2. They belonged to the church of England. 3. Scared they would lose their jobs. African American Loyalists Many African American slaves were loyalists. Why? The British offered the enslaved people freedom if they fought on their side. A lot of these freed slaves ended up in Canada or Sierra Leone, Africa. Patriot Advantages What were some advantages the patriots had over the redcoats? Fighting on their own ground. (Easier to defend than conquer) British had to ship soldiers and supplies across the ocean. British mercenaries fought for money, while Patriots fought for freedom. Americans had George Washington, a great military leader. Americans needed Soldiers As the war continued American soldiers began to leave the army (they enlisted for only 1 year) or they ran away from the army. Soldiers were desperately needed. African Americans were now allowed to serve and fight on the side of the Americans. They fought for money, or to gain their freedom. America’s Flag 1777-1795 The continental congress designed America’s first flag. 13 stripes alternating between red and white 13 stars white in a blue field representing a new constellation. Red = courage White = purity of ideals Blue = strength and Unity of the States. War wages on… The British and American armies traded many victories and defeats… The Americans gained an important victory at the Battle of Saratoga. The defeated British (5,700) surrendered while a Patriot band played “Yankee Doodle” Flag Project (15pts) Create your own CUSTOM FLAG. On the back of the paper write what your flag represents, 1. What do the colors stand for? 2. What is your country called? 3. What type of government would your country have? WRITE THESE IN FULL SENTENCES!!! Saratoga’s after effects… Cause of French-American Alliance • Longstanding hostility between Britain and France. •Conflict between Britain and France during French and Indian War. • Victory at Saratoga boosts French confidence in Patriots. Effects of French-American Alliance. • France lends money to the Continental Congress •France sends soldiers and ships to help American forces. • Americans win independence. October 1777 after the Battle of Saratoga American spirits were at an all time high. Saratoga was a turning point in the war. In February 1778 the French declared their support and formed an alliance with the Americans. They sent money, equipment, troops to aid the Patriots. Benjamin Franklin was largely responsible for this. He spent over a year in France gaining support for the Americans. The War at Sea The British had the worlds most powerful navy. Americans were blockaded by the British. The Continental Congress approved privateers, basically pirate ships to go and fight the British and they could keep whatever goods they took. American Independence The Battle of Yorktown General Washington had utilized the Cornwallis French’s aid to trap General Cornwallis (England). Cornwallis was outnumbered by American troops, as well as cut of by the French in the sea. He was trapped. When British supplies began to run low it happened…. October 19 1781 General Cornwallis Surrendered. Battle ofdidn’t Yorktown handout himself, (15pts) he sent up He surrender “the little drummer boy” Independence Yorktown was not the “final battle” in the American Revolution, however it signified the end of the war as it convinced the British that the war was too costly to pursue. Treaty of Paris England and America now had to work out a treaty. America sent its delegates Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay. The Treaty of Paris was signed September 3, 1783. Great Britain recognized the United States as an independent Nation. Why America Won They were fighting on their home field. The British had to rely on shipping troops and supplies. As soon as the British ships were stopped (privateers and the French) they lost their support. Help from foreign nations. Loans from France (money, troops, weapons, ships). Spanish attacks on the French in Louisiana. “Peoples movement” The war wasn’t about countries or battles. It was about peoples determination to be free. Unit 3 test review questions (21pts) (2-3 Sentences each) 1. What act was designed to stop smugglers? How did this act work? 2. Which major battle of the American Revolution is considered a 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. turning point in the war? Why? What foreign country played a large role in helping America secure their independence? Describe at least two ways they helped. Why were many African American loyalist? Why would people remain loyalist during the revolution? What is taxation without representation, and why were the Colonist angered over this? Why do you think America won their independence, despite having a weaker military? Unit III.5 Vocabulary (15pts) Constitution 2. Bicameral 3. Republic 4. Petition 5. Ordinance 6. Depreciate 7. Depression 8. Proportional 9. Compromise 10. Enlightenment 11. Federalism 12. Electoral College 1. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Amendment Ratify If you copy the definitions directly from the text book, you will only receive 50% of the points. Use your own words to define. Vocab Poster = 5pts. Word Definition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION. Not United Even though the Colonies had won their independence, they were hardly a united nation. By 1780 every state had their own Constitution or body of laws. They did this because they were scared to have any one person hold to much power… Why would they be scared? They just rebelled from a King. King George III Further Steps to divide power The states also established divided government functions to dilute the source of power. They had a Governor as well as a legislature. Formation of a Republic As each state quickly created their own constitution, they were slow to create a united nation. They did all agree however that they were to create a Republic. A government in which citizens rule through elected representatives. They couldn’t agree on the organization and types of powers this republic would have. America’s First Attempt at Government March 1, 1781 The Articles of Confederation was put into effect. Creating the United States. STATES remained the holders of the majority of power. Each state was still basically its own independent nation held together by a WEAK central government. Under the AoC if the central government wanted to do anything they had to get the states approval. Under the AoC there was a WEAK central government and almost all powers laid with the states. The Confederation Government 1781-1789 The confederation years Weaknesses No strong central government Couldn’t pass laws unless 9/13 states voted yes. Couldn’t Amend the AoC unless 13/13 states voted yes. Some things it did… Expanded foreign trade Established policies for expanding westward. The Northwest Ordinance Passed in 1787 established a single North West Territory out of the lands north of the Ohio river, and east of the Mississippi river. This land was to be divided into 3-5 more smaller territories. When these territories had 60,000 people they could petition to join the Union as a State. Did not allow slaves or indentured servants in any new lands. This is Americas first attempt to limit/stop slavery. A major weakness of the AoC The AoC had so little power that they could not deal with the countries financial problems. The central government could not impose taxes, so they printed paper money. The central government and the states printed their OWN paper money. This led to inflation… George Washington’s view on the AoC George Washington described the government as “little more than the shadow without the substance” What does that mean? Americans started to realize they needed a stronger central government. The Issue of Slavery By 1786 11 of the 13 states (all except South Carolina and Georgia) Outlawed, or heavily taxed the importation of enslaved people. Although slaves were not really used in the North, it was still legal. In 1787 the North Abolished Slavery. The Constitutional Convention 55 Delegates gathered in Philadelphia in May 1787. To revise the AoC Important people: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin (Who was 80), James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris (wrote the final draft of the US Constitution), James Madison (called the Father of the Constitution). Articles of Confederation Handout Setting the Stage The convention was to revise the AoC… however that is not what happened. They established rules for how the meetings would progress. George Washington was selected to preside over the meetings. Each state would have one vote. Majority vote No meetings unless 7/13 states were represented. Doors were to remain closed, and the meetings secret from the public. The Virginia Plan With the rules set, and the convention underway a radical idea came forward. Edmund Randolph a delegate from Virginia proposed that the delegates created a strong central national government instead of revising the AoC. The Virginia Plan was introduced. James Madison was behind this plan. Edmund Randolph Virginia Plan Details Two-house legislature Lower house elected by the people. Upper house chosen by the Lower House. Number of reps. Per state dependent on each states population proportional to the country. A Chief executive chosen by the legislature A court system. The New Jersey Plan Opposition rose quickly to one of the Virginia Plans key points. Which point do you think? They wanted equal representation instead of being given less power because of a smaller population. They also ONLY wanted to amend and revise the AoC, by giving the central government new powers such as taxing and regulation of trade. The Big Decision The convention was at a standstill. Until they decided to create a new Constitution or to Amend/Revise the AoC they could not continue. On June 19th they decided to work toward a NEW National Government based off of the Virginia Plan. What big problem did they still face? Representation based off population or state… Big Questions Don’t write down. Large questions now arose which sparked a lot of debate. 1. How was the congress to be elected? 2. How would states representation be in upper and lower houses? 3. Did slaves count as part of the population? The Great Compromise Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise. The lower house (The house of representatives) would vary according to the states population. The Upper House (The Senate) each state would have two members. The Three-Fifths Compromise Should slaves count toward a states population? Why would they want to count the slaves? Larger representation in the House of Representatives. The North Objected based on the fact that the Slaves were treated as property. Eventually it was decided that each slave would count as 3/5 of a person for both Taxation and Representation. Bill of Rights George Mason of Virginia proposed that a bill of rights be added to the constitution. It was to ensure that the new government did not limit peoples rights. Amendment Process The AoC had required uniramous approval to Amend. They had decided that to amend the new constitution a 9/13 vote would be needed. Therefore when 9/13 states approved the Constitution the United States would come into existence. The Roots of the Constitution The U.S. Constitution was the first document of its kind. However it had many ideas and theories that had been talked, and written about for many, many years dating back to Ancient Greece. Ancient Greece talked about democracy Ancient Rome practiced a republic Magna Carta (1215) limited powers of kings English Bill of Rights (1689) Englightenment Ideas. John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu. Montesquie wrote The Spirit of Laws this book outlined the separation of powers in government. IMPORTANT***** Shared Powers The Constitution created a federal system of government and divided powers between the Federal government, and the States. Shared Powers Federalism: sharing of power between the federal and state governments. The Federal government could; Tax, trade, control money, raise an army, declare war, pass laws. However the states could… Pass laws and regular trade inside their borders, establish local governments, schools, and anything else that effected the welfare of their citizens. Both Federal and State governments could tax and build roads. The Constitution The constitution was to be; “The Supreme Law of The Land” The final and supreme authority. Organization of Government Following the ideas set forth by Montesquieu they decided to separate the powers of government. The Framers established three parts of the Federal Government. Legislative Executive Judicial Hand out Unit III.5 Study Guide (Due when we take exam) Three Branches of Government Project You will create groups of three, and be assigned a branch of government by me. You will need to include at least 15 facts about your branch of government. Your poster board should be cut to represent your branch of government. SEVERAL pictures should be on your poster board. EVERYONE MUST PARTICIPATE, your team will give you a Grade at the end of the period. You must also describe TWO powers you have over each of the other two branches. Legislative Branch Article I of the Constitution. Lawmaking branch of the government. Composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate. House is proportional to the population of each state. The Senate has 2 senators from each state. The Congress can Collect taxes, make money, regulate trade, declare war, raise and support an army. Executive Branch They didn’t want a super strong leader.. Why? Memories of a Tyrant King They did know that they needed some form of strong government from their fail AoC. Article II of the Constitution set up the Executive Branch. Headed by a President Responsibilities include carrying out the nations laws and policies, serving as commander in chief of the armed forces, and conducting relations with foreign countries. Judicial Branch Article III of the U.S. Constitution Deals with the court system of the United States. The us Supreme Court and the Federal Courts deal with laws passed by Congress and disputes between states. Checks and Balances By splitting the power of the government into three branches each branch has roles and powers that check the other branches. Example: Both the House and Senate must approve for something to become a law. (Legislative) A president (executive) may veto (cancel) a law passed by the congress. The Congress can OVERRIDE the president. Another Example The President picks the members of the supreme court… HOWEVER the Senate must approve the appointments. Ratifying the Constitution Before the Constitution could go into effect 9/13 states needed to Ratify (approve) it. Supporters of the Constitution were called Federalists. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay were Federalists. (All well known important figures) Those who opposed ratification of the Constitution were called Anti-federalists. Their main argument was that the Constitution took away the rights they had fought to win from Britain. Bill of Rights… Again. One of the biggest concerns of the Constitutions is that it lacked a Bill of Rights. Several states announced that they would not ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights. Why? “We have struggled for liberty and made costly sacrifices… and there are still many among us who value liberty too much to relinquish… the rights of man for the dignity of government.” To protect individual freedoms. Ratification In 1790 the U.S. Constitution was ratified. 1791 Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution. The Bill of Rights Amendments 1-10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Guarantees freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and press, and the right of people to petition the government. Protects the rights of states to maintain a militia and of citizens to bear arms. Restricts quartering of troops in private homes. Protects against “unreasonable searches and seizures” Assures the right not to be deprived of “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury. 7. Assures the right to a jury trial in cases involving the common law (the law established by previous court decisions. 8. Protects against excessive bail, or cruel and unusual punishment. 9. Provides that people’s rights are not restricted to those specified in the first eight Amendments. 10. Restates the constitutions principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the national government nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states and to the people. 6. The Constitution These goals guided the Framers as they created the constitution. To Form a more perfect Union To establish justice To insure domestic tranquility To provide for the Common Defense To Promote general Welfare To secure the Blessings of Liberty. Major Principles of the Constitution Popular sovereignty People are the source of the government’s power. Republicanism People elect their political representatives. Limited Government The Constitution limits the actions of government by specifically listing powers it does and does not have. Federalism In this government system, power is divide between national and state governments. Separation of Powers Each of the three branches of government has its own responsibilities. Checks and Balances Each branch of government holds some control over the other two branches Individual Rights Basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights. Enumerated Powers • Regulate Trade • Coin money • Provide an army and navy. •Conduct foreign affairs. •Set up federal courts. Concurrent Powers • Enforce the laws •Establish Courts •Collect Taxes • Borrow Money • Provide for the General Welfare. Reserved Powers • Regulate trade within the state. •Establish local government systems. •Conduct Elections •Establish public school systems. Vocabulary Words Unit IV (20pts) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Cabinet 11. Thomas Jefferson 12. New York Tariff 13. Alexander Hamilton Sedition 14. Aaron Burr Precedent 15.Louisiana Territory Laissez-faire 16.Sacagawea Embargo Judicial review Front of Card Court-martial President Washington Sectionalism 17. Eli Whitney 18. Industrial Revolution 19. Disarmament 20. Erie Canal Back of Card Word Definition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION. Name The First President April 6, 1789 George Washington was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College. President Washington was 57 years old when he became president in the nations capital (It was New York back then). April 30 1789, George Washington was sworn in as the first president under the new Constitution. John Adams was the vice president. Setting up the Nation The first couple years President Washington and the Congress were very careful about what they did. Everything they did set a precedent, for the future generations. The Congress set up three departments in the executive branch. State Department (handled relations with other nations) Treasury Department (deal with financial issues) War Department (deal with the nations defense.) Judicial System Debates raged whether there should be only Federal Courts, or State courts as well. A compromise was met with the Judiciary Act of 1789. 13 District Federal Courts which had the power to reverse the state courts decisions. The Bill of Rights The bill of rights limits the powers of government. Its purpose is to protect the rights of individual liberty, such as freedom of speech, and rights of persons accused of crimes, including trial by jury. The first 10 amendments to the constitution are known as the Bill of Rights. A National Bank? Alexander Hamilton was the Secretary of the Treasury. American needed to raise money, as well as create new jobs and businesses. One way they did this was by creating a Tariff (taxes on imported goods) This helped to encourage people to make products in America, as well as to buy American products. Hamilton also began to impose a series of Taxes on a variety of items (including Whiskey). DO NOT WRITE DOWN. In the constitution does it say that thegovernment Bank can Legal? theIs federal create a bank? Does it say that they can’t create a bank? If the constitution doesn't say you can’t do something, do you think you should be able to do it? The First National Bank Homework Hamilton’s new taxes led to one of the strongest oppositions the new government had seen. Farmers decided that they would not pay taxes on Whiskey, they remained peaceful until the tax collectors came. Then they attacked these collectors. It became known as the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington ordered the rebellion crushed. Just by having an army marching towards them the rebellion stopped. Why did he do this? He had no problem with people opposing or wanting to change the government. However they needed to do so through CONSTITUTIONAL means. He set the precedent that the government would use force when necessary to maintain the social order. Whiskey Rebellion Homework Early Challenges to the new Government The people in America still wanted Continued to expand their territories west over the Moving Appalachian Mountains. Struggles West The problem with that was that Indians were still living there, and did not want to lose any more land. This led to conflicts between White Settlers, and the Native Population. Battle of Fallen Timbers One of the major clashes between settlers and Native Americans was at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Washington sent an army that completely wiped out the Indians in the Ohio region. The Indians were forced to sign a treaty and surrender most of their land in that area. Battle of Fallen Timbers Homework Declaration of Neutrality France had followed the American’s and had their own revolution. Their revolution was very bloody and involved many executions by Guillotine. France and Britain went to war in 1793 (again) and many American’s wanted to help France. Why? Because they helped us win our independence. April 22 Washington issued a Proclamation of Neutrality. It prohibited American citizens from fighting in the French war, and banned all British and French warships from any American Port. Close to War The British began to attack American ships that were trading with France. This brought America close to another war with Britain. Jay’s Treaty the British agreed to withdraw from American soil and to pay damages for the American ships they sunk. They did this so that they could focus on their war with France and not have to fight against America to. Political Parties By the 1790s two distinct political parties emerged. What are the two major political parties today? Republican and Democrat The first two political parties were the Federalists and the Republicans (Democratic Republicans) • Republicans (Democratic People who supported the The two Parties Republicans) Washington administration. • Leader was Madison. Believed in a strong central • They wanted to limit federal government. governments powers. “Implied Powers” • “Expressed Powers” Federalists Another difference existed between the Federalist and the Republicans. They viewed the constitution in different ways. Implied vs. Expressed Powers Federalists They believed in Implied powers. That is powers that are not expressly forbidden in the constitution are allowed to be used. (Bank, taxes, regulate trade etc) Republican-Democrats They also believed in implied powers, however they thought that these were only powers that should be used when “Absolutely necessary”. Mainly relied on “Expressed Powers” Federalists Another RepublicanDemocrats Federalist believed that the ordinary person should not become too Difference involved in(Representation) politics. They thought public office should only be held by educated men of property, because ordinary people would be swayed too easily. They feared a strong central government that was controlled by a few people. They thought that liberty would only be safe if ordinary people participated in government. Federalists Democratic-Republics Leader: Alexander Leader:Thomas Jefferson Differences between the First Political Parties Hamilton • Favored: •Favored: •Rule by the people • Rule by the wealthy class •Strong state governments •Strong federal government •Emphasis on agriculture •Emphasis on •Strict interpretation of manufacturing the Constitution. •Loose interpretation of the •French Alliance constitution (implied •State banks powers) •Free Trade. •British alliance •Expressed Powers •National bank •Protective tariffs •Implied Powers Election of 1796 A New President was elected. John Adams. John Adams became President (Federalist) Jefferson became vice president (Republican) In this time the winner became President, and the one with the second most votes became Vice President. John Adams problems Problems with France Almost went to war Alien and Sedition Acts People began to become scared of Aliens (foreigners) in their country. Why? If a French person was living in America, what would they do if America went to war with France? The Republicans take Power The Election of 1800 marked the Republicans first term in office. Jefferson (republican) ran against Adams (federalist, incumbent). Jefferson and Adams TIED in electoral votes. When there is a TIE the House of Reps. Will vote for the new President. Eventually Jefferson won and became president. Aaron Burr became vice president. The Jefferson Era Jefferson had different views than those who preceded him. He thought that the strength of the Nation lay with the individual farmers (most people were still farmers.) His thinking was that if each farmer owned their own land, then they would fight to keep it if need be. What do you think about this? Marbury vs. Madison A supreme court case that established Judicial Review. Judicial Review gave the supreme court a HUGE BOOST IN POWER. Judicial Review allowed the courts to deem the laws passed by congress or the president UNCONSTITUTIONAL if they went against the constitution. Marbury v. Madison supreme court case handout. The Expanding Nation American Farmers continually were moving west and setting up new farms. They had their farms along rivers… Why? To transport their goods easier. Why else? The goods were transported along the rivers to New Orleans (Port City), where they were shipped to the east coast. The Louisiana Purchase President Jefferson authorized James Monroe to negotiate for the purchase of land from France. The Louisiana Purchase included all territory around Louisiana. It cost 15million. Jefferson loved the idea of this purchase, but wasn’t sure if it was legal (constitutionally). He decided that since the government could make treaties, they could also by law, purchase land. Congress approved of the land purchase, and the size of America Doubled. Lewis and Clark Documentary Lewis and Clark Even before the Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark got congress to sponsor their trip west of the Mississippi. Thomas Jefferson was the man responsible for appointing Lewis and Clark. Their Expedition They left St. Louis in 1804 and worked their way to the Missouri River (upstream). Along their journey they met a young Indian woman Sacagawea, who was 16 and pregnant. It took 18 months and 4000 miles, and Lewis and Clark had reached the Pacific Ocean. What they Found Lewis and Clark collected information on people, plants, animals, and the geography of the west. Most importantly it sparked peoples interest in moving west even further. Sacagawea Hand-Out Secession and a Duel Some Federalist wanted to Secede (withdraw) from the Union. Alexander Hamilton stopped Aaron Burrs plan to help this become a reality. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. A duel is an engagement in combat between two individuals. Before pistols people used swords. What would people use today? The Duel July 1804 Hamilton and Burr went to duel with pistols. Hamilton said he would not shoot at Burr. Burr didn’t care and shot Hamilton anyway. Hamilton died the next day and Burr ran away to avoid arrest. Two-Term Precedent Following Washington’s precedent Jefferson informed people that he would not run for a third term in office. The next president also a republican, was James Madison, Thomas Jefferson’s former Sec. of State. Duels have been around since the beginning of time. Whether it is someone fighting for their own honor, the protection of another, or fighting for theirDay lives.Duel Assignment (15pts) Modern Swordfights, boxing matches, gun fights, arm wrestling matches are all types of duels. What are modern day duels? How are duel request issued? (How does someone challenge you to a duel) Is there still a sense of “honor” in most modern day duels? Over the course of the next one hundred years how do you think duels will evolve? In the year 2200 how do you think people will “settle” their differences? Write ONE page response answering the above questions. Daily Agenda Warm up Activity: 1. Why was Sacagawea so important to helping Lewis and Clark move west? 2. Who appointed Lewis and Clark to explore the west? 3. OCSR: Who introduced the Virginia Plan? 4. Define: Sacagawea, Sectionalism. If you were an Indian, how would you feel when white people just moved into your land, cut down trees, and built cities? How would you react. SS.8.A.3.15: Examine this time period (1764-1815) from the perspective of historically under-representaed groups. Madison and a time of War When Madison took office America was at the brink of many wars. France and Britain had stopped trade with America. Pirates, as well as Royal ships were taking American ships and selling their cargo. America was close to going to war with Britain, France, and Indians. War Hawks War Hawks were members of congress who wanted Madison to be more aggressive against these threats. Hunger for land heightened their war fever. (imperialism) The War of 1812 By 1812 Madison had concluded that war with Britain was inevitable. “The spectacle of injuries and indignities which have been heaped on our country” Americans were NOT prepared for war. Their army only had 7,000 trained soldiers. The people who fought in the American Revolution were too old to fight now, so they had essentially no experienced soldiers.. The War of 1812 American forces moved from Detroit to Canada. They were scared that they would be defeated by Tecumseh (Indians allied with the British). They pulled back and allowed British troops to take Detroit. The Americans decided they needed to take control of Lake Erie. On September 10th, 1813 American ships under the command of Oliver Hazard Perry defeated British ships on Lake Erie. The War of 1812 Homework The Indian Alliance Crumbling The Indian leader Tecumseh died in a battle against the Americans. March 1814 Andrew Jackson attacked and defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The death of Tecumseh and the defeat of the Creek Indians destroyed any chance of an Indian alliance to help the British. British Offensive Although the British had suffered defeats both on land, and at Sea they rebounded and were able to fight back. They came back stronger because their war with France finally ended. (They won) This means they could consolidate their troops in N. America. August 1814 they sailed into Chesapeake bay, marched into Washington DC and burnt and destroyed everything. The War Ends British troops did not hold Washington, instead they march towards Baltimore. Baltimore was ready and halted the British advances. The British began to lose many troops and realized (again) that war with America was too costly. The Treaty of Ghent was the peace agreement between America and Britain. This was the only time America was ever invaded by a foreign country. During the British assault on Baltimore an attorney named Francis Scott Key watched as bombs burst over the city. By Dawn he was able to see that the Flag still stood tall. He wrote the Star-Spangled banner, and in 1931 (more than 100 years later) congress declared that song to be the National Anthem. The Star-Spangled Banner “O! say can you see by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming. And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; O! say does that star-spangled banner yet wave, O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?” The rest of the poem On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner, O! long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country should leave us no more! Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. O! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved home and the war's desolation! Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: "In God is our trust." And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! The Final Battle of 1812 and the rise of a new hero. There were no cell phones, no satellite phones, and no 24/7 news center. When the treaty was signed and the war was officially over the majority of soldiers on both sides, didn’t know about it. In December 1814 the bloodiest battle of the war occurred. The Battle of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson the leader of American forces led them to a decisive victory and became a hero. He would eventually become president in 1828. Legacy of the War of 1812 Americans first full fledged war as a nation. (VICTORY) They defeated an established world power in Britain. Federalist party lost a lot of power and prestige to the Republicans. Nationalism began to rise in America. (Pride in ones country) Nations around the world respected America. The Evolution of the Flag In 1795 Kentucky and Vermont joined the Union. Two more Stars and two more stripes were added to the flag. Congress decided that adding stripes would make the flag look weird (as more states joined.) They fixed the number of stripes at 13, and decided to add a new star for each new state. The Growth of a Nation America was growing and expanding VERY quickly. Industry, technology, and population were all growing at speeds unheard of before. Why? A lot of land to spread, good soil, brilliant scientists. This is the beginning of the Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in America around 1800. It began in the northern states, where the soil was poor for farming. Why is that important? They were eager to leave their farm jobs in order to find new work. There were also a lot of rivers, they used a lot of waterpower in early factories. Why was this land poor for farming? Industrial Revolution America also provided opportunity for people to open and prosper in business and factories. Capitalism, and Free Enterprise were two important causes of the Industrial revolution. Inventions change the world Technology began to quickly change the way things were done. Without these new inventions an Industrial Revolution would not have occurred. Eli Whitney: Eli Whitney invented two very important things. Cotton Gin: A machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton fiber. It worked as fast as 50 people who worked by hand. Interchangeable Parts: Before this if a machine broke, it broke. There was no switching of parts. These are identical machine parts that can be quickly put together to make a complete product. (spokes, sprockets, etc.) Eli Whitney Homework Growth of Cities Even with new technologies and factories booming a majority (65%) of the Americans were still farmers. With the growth of factories, came the growth of cities. Cities on rivers were also more developed than those that weren't. People began to move to the cities for economic opportunities. (Urbanization) Cities BeganCities to develop too quickly during the industrial (Urban) revolution, the infrastructure could not keep up. •Buildings were made of wood and brick. •Streets and sidewalks were unpaved. •Animals roamed freely. •No sewer systems to carry waste (your poop) •HIGH danger of diseases such as Cholera and Yellow Fever. •Fires were also very common and dangerous. •Despite that people still wanted to live in cities because of: •A steady paycheck •Libraries, museums, shops. Child Labor A lot of children were forced to work for less pay than adults. They were used because they were smaller. Their small hands could reach inside of broken or jammed machines to fix/take things out. This led to a lot of children losing limbs and fingers. Children also worked in coal mines and got very sick. They worked many hours and many worked instead of getting an education. Moving West In 1790 Americas first census showed that there were nearly 4,000,000 people living in America. Most of these people lived EAST of the Appalachian Mountains. In 1820 just 30 years after the first Census there were more than 10,000,000 people living in America. With more than 2,000,000 living West of the Appalachian Mountains. Westward Settlement (Manifest Destiny) People moved westward in waves. In the 1790s people moved west and this led to the creation of four new states; Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. Between 1816 and 1821 Five new states were added Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri. Life in the West People in the West didn’t have the same luxuries and conveniences of their Eastern counter parts. They faced hard times moving west, settling down, and surviving. Whatever life they made for themselves they earned. Sectionalism Americans began to feel attached to the region which they lived. West vs East North vs South They differed on issues such as slavery, banking, taxes, and military. Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears was a forced relocation of Native Americans. It effected Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw Indians. They were moved from their homes to present day Oklahoma. Trail of Tears Homework The Missouri Compromise As new states were added to the Union the question came up… Should they have slaves, or not? Missouri would be added as a slave state, Maine would be added as a Free State. The rest of the Louisiana territory would be free states. Why are people worried about slave states, and free states? The south was reliant on their slaves for their labor. The north was becoming increasingly anti-slavery. Abolitionist (people who wanted to end slavery) Tensions between North and South 1. Suffrage 2. Secede 3. Manifest Destiny 4. Californios 5. Vigilantes 6. Telegraph 7. Morse Code 8. Famine 9. Slave Codes 10. Temperance 11. Abolitionists 13. Andrew Jackson 14.John Quincy Adams 15.Davy Crockett 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Alamo Brigham Young John Deere The Underground railroad Susan B. Anthony If you use the textbook definition you will receive 50% of the points. Define the words in your own way. Word Poster = 10pts Word Definition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION. Jacksonian Democracy In the Election of 1824 Jackson received the largest number of popular votes, however NO CANDIDATE received a majority of electoral votes. Under the terms of the Constitution when no candidate receives more than ½ the electoral vote the House of Representatives select the president. Henry Clay swayed the House into selecting John Quincy Adams as President, and Clay became the secretary of state. Jackson’s followers accused these two men of stealing the presidency. The Election of 1828 Jackson won the presidency in a landslide. Jackson (Democratic Republican 56%, John Quincy Adams (National Republican) 43.6% John Q. Adams and his father John Adams, both only served ONE term. Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was everything that most American’s admired. A patriot, self made man, and a war hero. Normal people felt a connection to Jackson unlike any other president as Jackson seemed like a “normal guy” Small farmers, craft workers, and frontiersmen especially loved Jackson. Andrew Jackson Handout Increase in Suffrage (voting) Under Jackson voting laws loosened (it used to be only white land owning men could vote) By the mid 1820’s voting had spread to more males; sharecroppers, factory workers, and many others. In the 1840’s more than 80% of white males were voting in president elections. Seneca Falls Convention & Declaration of Sentiments A women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Viewed by some as a revolutionary beginning in the struggle for women’s rights. Declaration of Sentiments The Foundational document in the American woman’s suffrage movement. Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and was based on the form of the Declaration of Independence. Spoil’s System Under Jackson a new system for government jobs began to take shape the Spoil’s system (good ol’ boy). Under this system people got their jobs based upon who they knew, not what they knew. Southern Protest Southern States began to argue that they had to right to nullify or cancel a federal law that they felt was against states interest. Why would this be a bad thing? Some southerners wanted to secede or break away from the United States. Jackson’s Stand “Our federal union… must be preserved!” Jackson (President) “The Union—to our liberty, most dear.” Calhoun. (Vice President) Calhoun soon resigned the vice presidency and became a senator. Their big disagreement was over State vs. Federal powers. Who do you think should hold the most power, states or federal government? The Nullification Crisis Southern States DECLARED that they would not pay taxes passed by the Federal Government. In 1833 Under Jackson’s urging Congress passed the Force Bill which allowed the president to use the Military to enforce acts of congress. What does this mean? Eventually the Southern States backed down, however they realized that the U.S. Govt would not allow a state to secede without a fight. What is coming? Indian Removal Act Many Americans living on the western frontier wanted the Indians removed further to the west in order to take their land, for more farms. The main Indian Tribes were the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, chickasaw, and Choctaw. Jackson supported the peoples wishes to move the Indians. In 1830 congress passed the Removal Act. The Trail of Tears In 1835 the federal government persuaded a few Cherokee to sign a treaty giving up their peoples land. However most of the 17,000 Cherokee REFUSED to honor the treaty. Under General Winfield Scott with an army of 7,000 troops came to remove the Cherokee. “Chiefs, head men, and warriors, Will you then, by resistance, compel us to resort to arms?” The Cherokee knew that fighting would only lead to their destruction and the long march west began. Why would the Cherokee lose? Resistance Many Indian troops did not leave quietly. In 1835 the Seminole joined forces with a group of Runaway slaves and attacked settlements along the Florida Coast. They used Guerilla Tactics. The Seminole caused so much destruction that eventually some of them were allowed to stay on their own land. The Jackson Era Worksheet The Election of 1832 Jackson decided NOT to run for a third term (following precedent) and Martin Van Buren was elected president. He was a direct successor and was fully supported by Jackson. Soon after Van Buren was elected the country went into a depression. Hundreds of Thousands lost jobs, land values sunk, and thousands of businesses closed. Does this sound familiar? When were some other Depressions? Manifest Destiny What was Manifest Destiny? Claim’s over land in the Oregon Country were disputed. Russia, England, Spain, and America all had claimed the land as their own. In the early 1840’s “Oregon Fever” spread through the Mississippi Valley. Tens of thousands of people began to move west. This was called emigration. How is emigration different from immigration? The Oregon Trail The trail was over 2,000 miles long. They made the trip in Canvas covered Wagons. America’s Manifest Destiny began to spread and people began to believe that they should possess all land on the Continent. “Manifest Destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us.” Government Opinion on Manifest Destiny Filled with the spirit of Manifest Destiny President Polk was determined to make Oregon part of the United States. A compromise was made with Britain in which a border was established between American Soil and British Soil at latitude 49. Independence for Texas Even though Manifest Destiny was the main focus of Americans during this time. There were many other events occurring throughout the nation. One of these large events was the acquisition of Texas as a state. Davy Crockett Davy Crockett was a man known for his frontier skills, sense of humor, and shrewd common sense that he often displayed in politics. Crockett wanted to help the Texans win their independence from Mexico. By 1830 Americans in Texas far outnumbered the Mexicans. Manifest Destiny Handout (workbook activity 12) Tensions Grow Mexican officials began to see that they were becoming out numbered. They reacted by stopping immigration from the United States, as well as harshly taxing any trade with America. This angered the Americans living in Texas, as they relied on trading with the United States, and wanted their friends and family to move to Texas with them. Remember the Alamo A army led by Santa Anna reached a small Texan force that was barricaded inside a nearby mission called the Alamo. They only had 180 soldiers to fight Santa Ana’s several thousand. The Texans were led by Davy Crockett and a few other notable men. Jim Bowie, William B. Travis. For 12 Days the defenders of the Alamo kept Santa Anna’s army at bay with rifle fire. Nearly everyone was killed including Davy Crockett. Remember the Alamo Homework Texas Declares its Independence “The people of Texas, in solemn convention assembled, appealing to a candid world for the necessities of our condition, do hereby resolve and declare that our political connection with the Mexican nation has forever ended; and that the people of Texas do now constitute a free, sovereign, and independent republic…” March 2, 1836. Texas Path to Statehood 1836 Andrew Jackson denied Texas application to become a state. Didn’t want to upset the balance of slave and free states. President Van Buren also denied Texas’ application. Didn’t want to upset the balance of slave and free states. John Tyler (President in 1841) wanted to let Texas become a state, however the senate did not approve. In 1845 Texas finally became a state. (Manifest Destiny) California After Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821 California became a state in the new Mexican Nation. Manifest Destiny though eventually brought California into the Americans sight. In the 1840’s Mexican officials welcomed American settlers. Why would they want to add California to the nation? Defended by two ocean borders, not a foreign nation. War with Mexico Mexico refused to sell California and New Mexico to America (under president Polk) Polk wanted to go to war with Mexico, however he wanted them to take military action first. On May 11th 1846 after a small conflict, Polk told congress that Mexico had “invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil” Congress passed a declaration of war against Mexico. Polk’s War Plan Polk had a three part plan. 1. The American Troops would drive Mexican forces out of the disputed border region in Texas and make the border secure. 2. The U.S would seize New Mexico and California. 3. The U.S. would take (capture) Mexico City the capital of Mexico. Plan in Action In 1846 New Mexico was captured by Americas. In July 1846 California was taken over by America. In 1847 Polk’s army reached the outskirts of Mexico City, they captured Mexico City and the Mexican Government Surrendered. The Peace Treaty The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in February 1848. In this treaty Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico. It also gave its provinces of California and New Mexico to the United States for $15million. Ten years later America paid Mexico another $10million for the Gadsen Purchase a strip of land along the southern edge of Arizona and New Mexico. WITH THIS PURCHASE AMERICA REACHED ITS PRESENT SIZE. California ______ Rush 1849 What major event happened in 1849 that led to a population surge in California? Gold Rush These people were called forty- niners Boomtowns were established These were towns that quickly came to be almost overnight. Mormons in Utah Mormons or the Church of Latter-day Saints went to Utah to fulfill their vision of the godly life. Joseph Smith founded the Mormon Church in 1830 in New York State. In 1844 Brigham Young took over as head of the Mormons, they moved near the Great Salt Lake in present day Utah. Brigham Young Handout Social Reform In the early 1800’s a wave of religious fervor known as the Second Great Awakening stirred the nation. This led to people becoming eager to change their lives for the better. There was also a war against alcohol. People blamed Alcohol for poverty and a temperance movement began. (Drinking little to no alcohol.) Education Reform In the early 1800’s only New England provided free elementary education. This meant in other areas people had to pay for their children to go to school. Could poor people pay for their children to go to school? By the 1850’s most people supported the idea that public education should be free and supported by taxes. Men studied math, science, history Women studied music or needlework. They also stayed in school for less time than their male counterparts. Women were still thought to be only wives and mothers. College Boom During this time Dozens of new colleges and Universities were created. MOST admitted only men. Oberline College of Ohio, founded in 1833, admitted men, women, and African Americans to their school. Mount Holyoke was the first permanent women’s college. Ashmun Institute became the first African American College. It was later renamed Lincoln University. The differences between the North and South. North South • Lots of power driven machinery. Replaced workers with machines. • Technology changed the way they worked, traveled, and communicated. • Highly Industrialized. • Strong transportation system. Railroads, boats (Clipper Ships), tons of railroads. • Improved communication included the telegraph and Morse Code. • Factories were an important part of life in the North. • Trade Unions, Strikes, and Child Labor were all aspects of Northern Life. • Slavery was nonexistant in the northern States however there was still Racial Prejudice. • Large number of Immigrants (Irish was the largest group) • The Southern States were ruled by Cotton, Plantations, and Slave owners. •The Upper South (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina. • The Deep South (Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.) • The South had a thriving Economy, and slaves were a vital part of this economy. • The South had very few factories compared to the North, their main economy was tied up in Cotton. • the South had a lower population than the North. • The Southern Railroad were susbstantially less developed than the Norths. • Most Southerners worked/lived in Small Farms and a few owned Plantations filled with slaves. Abolitionists What is an abolitionists? Reformers who worked to abolish, or end slavery. By the early 1800’s northern states had ended slavery. Abolitionist Reformers realized that their gradual approach to ending slavery was not working. Slave numbers were actually increasing. Soon under some new leadership the abolitionist movement became a pressing social issue. Abolitionist Leaders William Lloyd Garrison: Worked for a newspaper in Baltimore. Eventually he founded his own newspaper The Liberator. The Grimke Sisters: Among the first women to speak out against slavery. They were from a rich slave holding family. Frederick Douglas: He is the most widely known African American abolitionist. He escaped from Slavery. He was a powerful speaker and for 16 years was the editor of an antislavery newspaper called the North Star. The Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a series of escape routes from the South to the North. They mostly ran by foot at night towards the north star. During the day they rested at “stations” Barns, attics, church basements, or anywhere people would give them shelter. In the later phases of the underground railroad they began to head north on wagons, some of which had secret compartments. The Underground Railroad/Abolitionist Homework Unit 13.6 Vocabulary (20pts) Impeach Sectionalism 2. Fugitive 3. Secede 4. Compromise of 1850 5. Martyr 6. Blockade 7. Rebels 8. Yankees 9. Emancipate 10. Habeas Corpus 11. Draft 12. Amnesty 1. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Harriet Tubman Dorothea Dix Ulysses S. Grant Ku Klux Klan (KKK) If you use the textbook definition you will receive 50% of the points. Define the words in your own way. Vocabulary Poster = 10pts Front of Paper Back of Paper Word Definition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION. Slavery and the West One of the main causes of the civil war was slavery, and it was still a problem in admitting states to the union prior to the Civil War. Slaveholding Missouri petitioned to join the Union in 1819. During this time were more slaves, imported (brought to America) or born, in the United States? Missouri Compromise John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State) described the arguments that followed as “a mere preamble—a title-page to a great tragic volume” Preamble to what? Missouri had about 50,000 white settlers and 10,000 slaves. Its constitution allowed for slavery. Missouri Compromise Cont… There was one big problem in allowing Missouri to join the union. There were already 11 free states, and 11 slave states. This meant that the senate was perfectly balanced with 22 pro slavery senators and 22 anti slavery senators. Adding another slave or free state would tip the balance of power in congress. Missouri Compromise The problem of pro or anti slavery also created a feeling of sectionalism or a loyalty to ones particular region of the country. The south felt as if the north was trying to impose their views upon them. Missouri Compromise Henry Clay came up with an idea that would save the balance of power in the Union. The plan was to admit Missouri as a slave state, and at the same time admit Maine as a free state. Maine used to be a part of Massachusetts, but now wanted to become their own independent state. This compromise allowed for the number of slave states to be at 12, as well as free states at 12. New Western Lands With the Missouri Compromise finished in the 1820’s the issue of slavery was kept in the background for nearly 20 years. However when new states from the West (Texas, New Mexico, California) all tried to join the Union the debate started all over again. Essentially all the Missouri Compromise did was delay the argument of slave states vs. free states. Talk of Secession Soon there were 15 free and 15 slave states. A new idea had come about that states could vote or decide for themselves whether to be admitted as a free or slave state. In 1850 California was poised to enter the Union as a FREE state. This scared the south as New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah were about to become free states as well. Why would this scare the south? Talk of Secession As the south began to see themselves becoming out numbered to free states people began to talk of Seceding (or leaving the union (USA)). This left the door open for another compromise, or a way to make all sides happy, or at least all sides able to stay part of the same country. The Compromise of 1850 In January 1850 Henry Clay proposed a multi-part plan to settle the issues of slavery and congress. California would be added as a free state. New Mexico would have NO restrictions on slavery. New Mexico-Texas border dispute would be settled in New Mexico’s favor. The SLAVE TRADE, not slavery would be abolished in Washington DC. There would be a stronger fugitive slave law put in place. Compromise of 1850 Handout. Opposition to The Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay’s plan was debated for several months in congress. One of the most prominent opposition to the bill was John C. Calhoun. Calhoun believed that the only way to save the Union was to Protect Slavery. What state do you think Calhoun was from? Calhoun warned congress that if they admitted California was a free state, then the South would have no choice but to leave the Union. Finally a Compromise? With the help of new President Millard Fillmore (president Taylor died in office), and Stephen Douglas a senator from Illinois a plan was devised to pass this compromise. It was split into 5 smaller bills allowing people to vote no on sections that they would not support. These 5 bills taken together are known as the Compromise of 1850. They were the five main points of Henry Clay’s plan. President Fillmore said that these bills would be the “final settlement” between the north an the south. Was he right or wrong? Fugitive Slave Act As a result of The Compromise of 1850 the U.S. enacted harsher fugitive slave laws. This law required ALL citizens to help catch runaway slaves, anyone who helped a fugitive slave could be fined or imprisoned. The South had hoped that this law would help the North recognize southern rights, instead it made the North mad, and hate slavery even more. Fugitive Slave Act After this act was passed in 1850 Southerners stepped up their efforts to capture runaways. They captured runaway slaves that had been living free lives in the north for years. They also sometimes captured African Americans who were never slaves, and forced them into slavery. Northern resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act. Despite harsh penalties northerners still did not care for slavery. Many contributed help/money to the Underground Railroad, and anti slavery groups. Northern juries also refused to convict those accused of breaking the Fugitive Slave Law. How do you think this made the Southern states feel? The Kansas-Nebraska Act With new states wanting to join the Union the issue of slavery came about again. Kansas and Nebraska both were technically in the “North” as set in the Missouri Compromise, however a new theory was coming about…. Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty: Allowing people to decide. What were they deciding on? Issue of being admitted as a Slave or Free state. Northerners opposed this bill as it would allow more slave states, and Southerners supported it. “Bleeding Kansas” Kansas had about 1,500 voters living in the state at the time. When the issue of whether to be a free or slave state was voted on however, there were over 6,000 votes cast. Proslavery and Antislavery forces armed themselves, created two separate state constitutions one allowing slaves, and one against slavery. These were Americans killing Americans over the issue of slavery. Violence had even spread into Congress. Someone walked into the Senate chamber and beat a senator over and over again in the head with his cane. The Republican Party In 1854 antislavery Whigs and Democrats joined forces with Free-Soilers to form the Republican Party. They vowed to rally “for the establishment of liberty and the overthrow of the Slave Power” During this time most northerners = Republican Most Southerners = Democrats The Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott was a slave bought by an Army doctor in Missouri (a slave state). The Doctor moved to Illinois (a free state) then to Wisconsin Territory (slavery was banned here). Once the doctor died his family moved back to Missouri (Slave State) Dred Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that since he had once lived on free soil he should be free. Dred Scott Handout The Dred Scott Decision This case attracted enormous attention. It was no long about a single slave trying to become free, it was about Slavery in territories. The Final Decision: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, ruled; Dred Scott was a slave, and as a slave he was not a citizen and did not have the rights to bring a law suit. Also, by him living on free soil that did not make him free. He was “property” and could be moved wherever he wanted. He also said that The Missouri Compromise and Popular Sovereignty were unconstitutional, as they essentially would be taking away property from people violating their 4th amendment rights of “due process of law” Under this decision the U.S. Constitution basically protected Slavery. The Election of Abraham Lincoln? Lincoln was a relatively unknown Republican. He was running against Douglas an established Democrat Senator. (Running for Senator) Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates. They met seven times, and the main issue debated was of course… Slavery. Douglas main claim was that Lincoln wanted African Americans to be EQUAL to whites. Lincoln denied this but said that each man should be able to keep what he earns. Lincoln LOST the election to Douglas but was now a well known name throughout the country. John Brown and Harper’s Ferry handout. The Election of 1860 In 1860 the Democrat party was split in two. Northern Democrats put up Stephen Douglas, Southern Democrats put up John C. Breckinridge, and a third Democrat John Bell was nominated as well. Why would there be a problem with a political party nominating three people? Lincoln’s Election The Republican’s nominated Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln won a clear majority of Electoral Votes. 180/303 but he only won 40% of the popular vote. He mainly won because the Democrats had three candidates. Lincolns name did not even appear on most Southern Ballots. Lincoln Part 1 Handout Lincoln Part 2 Handout Southern Secession Lincoln and the Republicans had promised NOT to disturb slavery where it had already existed. The Southern States however did not trust the republicans, and on December 20th, 1860 the South held a convention in South Carolina and voted to Secede, or leave the Union. Lincoln’s Stand “The government shall be broken up, unless we surrender to those we have beaten” -Abraham Lincoln Do you think it is right that the South would secede after they lost a free and fair vote? Or do their motives seem selfish? The republicans had promised not to outlaw slavery in slave states, only to STOP the spread of slavery to new states. The Confederacy By February 1861 Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina had seceded and created a new nation and Government. They were called The Confederate States of America and chose Jefferson Davis, a senator from Mississippi as their President. Jefferson Davis Handout. Drafting a new Constitution Handout. Reactions to Secession Northern reactions Southern reactions Some abolitionist preferred Many Southerners to allow the Southern States to leave. MOST northerners however believed that the Union must be preserved welcomed secession. Many were also scared of what was to come. Fort Sumter Fort Sumter was a fort on an island guarding Charleston Harbor in South Carolina. They were low on supplies, in Confederate Territory and sent a letter to Lincoln asking for help. Lincoln, not wanting to start a war sent a letter to Governor Francis Pickens of South Carolina. The letter explained that he would be sending an unarmed expedition with supplies to the fort, and would not be rearming, or lending them reinforcements. Why would Lincoln do this? Didn’t want to start the war. Fateful Decision Lincoln held true to his promise and sent the unarmed expedition to the Fort. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President however made a decision. He ordered an attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Thousands of bullets were fired in both directions but NO ONE died on either side. Eventually the Northern Troops in the Fort surrendered. Southern troops raised their flag over the fort in victory. This led Lincoln to call for 75,000 troops to protect the union, and thousands more volunteered to join. This also led to Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas to secede and join the confederacy, the Civil War had begun. The Two Sides: Civil War Once war had officially begun several more states left the Union and joined the Confederacy. The Confederacy chose Richmond Virginia (only 100 miles away from Washington D.C.) as their capital. “Border States” There were still four states in the Union which allowed slavery. Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware. Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland were very close to seceeding. Maryland was very important as Washington D.C. was essentially inside of it, if Maryland seceded than the North’s Capital would be surrounded. Walking the Line Lincoln had to be very careful how he dealt with the border states. If he was too firm they would leave and give power to the South. If he was to lenient than he would lose his own supporters in the north. Lincoln suspended some constitutional rights, arrested people who supported secession, and spoke very carefully of slavery. West Virginia In 1861 a large group of people living in Virginia decided to REJOIN the union and secede from the Confederacy. 48 Counties in Virginia united and created a separate state called West Virginia,
