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The New Global Age 1800-1914 Britain Becomes More Democratic • Chronological Events – 1815: Britain was a constitutional monarchy. – 1820s: Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants are granted equal political rights. – 1830s: People’s Charter proposed by Chartists, demanding universal male suffrage, annual parliamentary elections, salaries for Parliament members and a secret ballot. After nearly 20 years most reforms would pass. Britain Becomes More Democratic • Reform Bill of 1832: – “The Bill, the whole bill, and nothing but the bill.” – Redistributed seats in the House of Rep. – Positives • Gave representation to large towns and cities. • Enlarged the electorate, people allowed to vote. • Middle-class men have greater political voice. – Negatives • Maintained property requirements to vote. • Nobles remained a powerful force in the government and economy. Britain Becomes More Democratic • Chronological Events Cont… – 1867: Reform Bill gives working-class men the vote, doubling the size of the electorate. – 1880s: Farm workers and most other men gain suffrage. Most chartist ambitions achieved by the end of the decade. – 1911: Power of the Lords restricted including power to veto tax bills. – 1918: Women over 30 gain suffrage. – 1928: All women gain right to vote. A Century of Reform • Social Reforms – Slave Trade: Abolished by Britain in 1807. • Did not end Slave trade, but in 1833, Parliament banned slavery in all British colonies. – Crime and Punishment: • Early 1800s, over 200 crimes were punishable by death (shoplifting, sheep stealing, impersonating an army veteran). • These capital offenses were reduced and many criminals were sent to penal colonies instead. A Century of Reform • Working Class Victories – Working conditions better during the 1840s. – Unions legalized in 1825. – From 1890 – 1914, union membership soared. – Won higher wages, shorter working hours and better lives for the working class. A Century of Reform • Education – William Gladstone’s Education Act • Free elementary education for all children. • Government jobs based on merit rather than birth or wealth. • Women’s Suffrage “Ireland for the Irish” • Explanation – Daniel O’Connell’s quote typified their desire for freedom and justice from England and Scotland. • Mass Starvation – Under British rule, ¾ of the farmland was used to grow crops for England, with the remaining land, the Irish grew potatoes. – In 1845, a blight, or disease destroyed the potato crop leading to the “Great Hunger.” Division & Democracy in France • The Third Republic of France – 2nd Republic under Napoleon III – After losing the Franco-Prussian war, republicans set up a provisional, or temporary government that would evolve into the Third Republic. – Power controlled by a premier, or prime minister. – With four large parties, politicians had to form coalitions, or alliances to control enough votes to name a premier and cabinet. Division & Democracy in France • Political Scandal in France – The Dreyfus Affair • 1894, French army officer, Alfred Dreyfus is accused of spying for Germany. • Dreyfus was found guilty, due in part to his religion, which was Jewish, and not being allowed to see the evidence against him. • Through the work of the Dreyfusards and Emile Zola, the French Court cleared Dreyfus’ name in 1906, but France was still deeply divided. Division & Democracy in France • Calls for a Jewish State – Following the Dreyfus case and a rise of antiSemitism through Europe, Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian Jewish Journalist, called for Jews to form their own separate state. • Rationale: – They would have the rights denied to them in European countries. – Modern Zionism: movement to rebuild a Jewish state in Palestine. Causes of the New Imperialism Economic Interests • Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources. • If they could not get them at home they had to expand overseas. Politics & Military • Steam-powered ships needed places to take on coal and supplies. • Nationalism led to expansion for purposes of security and prestige. Social Darwinism • Growing sense in the West of racial superiority. • Imperial conquest was simply nature’s way of improving the human species. Empire Builders & Critics Humanitarian & Religious • Opportunity to spread Western medicine, law and the Christian Religion to their “little brothers.” Science & Inventions • Imperialism found favor • Maxim machine gun with all classes, and • Repeating rifle Europe could force Africans and Asians to • Steam warships accept Western control. • improved medicines • Criticism claimed it to be immoral and undemocratic. “The White Man’s Burden” • Analysis – Kipling presents a Eurocentric view of the world, in which non-European cultures are seen as childlike. This view proposes that white people consequently have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the cultural development of, people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds until they can take their place in the world by fully adopting Western ways. The Diverse Lands of Africa • North – Includes the Sahara and fertile land along the Mediterranean. The region has long since had ties with the Muslim world. • West – Grassland area that was strongly Islamic. The strength of the Asante Kingdom worked against it. The Diverse Lands of Africa • East – Also influenced by Islam, they carried on profitable trade like slaves, ivory and copper for cloth and firearms. • South – A region in chaos due to the conflict between the Zulus and Boers. The Great Scramble • Berlin Conference (1884) – Set the standards for colonizing Africa. – Claimed Congo & Niger rivers as free trade zones. – A European power could not lay claim to an area with out setting up government office there. – After 20 years nearly the whole continent had been partitioned. • African Resistance – Ethiopia under Menelik II and Liberia were the only states to remain independent. European Challenges to the Muslim World • European Pressure on the Ottoman – As the empire crumbled, Ottoman territory fell into the hands of European powers. • Algeria was seized by France. • Russia and Britain schemed to gain the Bosporus and Dardanelles. • Germany wanted to build a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway. • Massacre of Armenians – Genocide: a deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group. • Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of helping the Russians. Over 25 years, a million or more Armenians were killed for protesting Ottoman policies. European Challenges to the Muslim World • The Suez Canal – Devised in 1859 by a Frenchmen Ferdinand de Lesseps, the canal would link the Med. and Red Seas. – Hailed by many European countries as a lifeline to India when completed in 1869. 14000 12000 10000 via Cape of Good Hope via Suez Canal 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Bo. S. H.K. Iran and the European Powers • Britain & Russia – Britain wanted to protect its interests to India. – Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia. – The Iranian Government granted Britain & Russia concessions, or special economic rights when they became interested in Iranian oil fields. • Iranian Muslim Groups & Iranian Nationalists – Both groups were outraged with the government and Muslim leaders condemned western influences. – Nationalists like the urban middle class, wanted to move swiftly to adopt western ways before being conquered by them. British Rule in India • Good Effects – – – – Improved Roads Preserved Peace Reduced Banditry Introduced western education and law – Conversions to Christianity – Pushed to end slavery, the caste system and improve women’s position within the family. • Bad Effects – Sepoys, Indian soldiers could serve anywhere, but overseas travel was against their religion. – Allowed Hindu women to remarry which was also against their religion. – Refusal of Sepoys to load weapons. Rebellion & Colonial Rule • The Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny – Revolt by Indian soldiers, due to insensitive British reforms, that was crushed by the British. – In 1858, Parliament would end the rule of the British East India Company and put India directly under British control. • An Unequal Partnership – The British used India as a market and source of raw materials. – Britain ruined India’s hand-weaving industry, transformed Indian agriculture and created massive deforestation, or cutting of trees for new farmland. • Opium War – British merchants traded opium for Chinese tea. – As the Chinese became addicted to opium and the loss of silver hurt the economy, the government outlawed opium. – The British refused to stop trading and easily defeated China at war in 1839. – Unequal Treaties • Britain received indemnity, or payment for losses in the war. • British citizens in China were also granted extraterritoriality, the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts. • The Decline of the Qing – The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) • The “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace,” that sought social reforms such as: land reform, community ownership of property, equality of women and men and most importantly the end of the Qing dynasty. – Effects • Qing nearly toppled, nearly 20-30 million Chinese die. • Opens the door to Europeans as Russia seized land in Northern China. – Sino-Japanese War • 1894, China losses to Japan giving up Taiwan in the process. • Qing Declines cont. – Spheres of Influence • Following their loss to Japan, European nations forced China to sign a series of unequal treaties. Eventually western nations weary of governing foreign lands, established spheres of influence within China which guaranteed specific trading privileges to each nation within its respective sphere. • The Qing Dynasty Falls – Boxer Rebellion • Secret Society called the Righteous Harmonious Fists, or Boxers, whose goal was to drive out all foreigners from China. • In 1900 the Boxers attacked foreigners, but were eventually crushed by a multinational force of European and Japanese troops. • In the aftermath, China made concessions again and finally realized the need for reforms in the areas of education, economy and women’s rights. • Sun Yixian – A Chinese revolutionary and political leader often referred to as the "father of modern China". Sun played an instrumental role in the eventual collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. – Three Principles of the People • Nationalism – Independence from foreigners. • Democracy – representative govt. • Livelihood – economic stability. In 1911 Sun Yixian was named President of China’s Republic. The Opening of Japan • What caused the opening? – A letter from the President of the U.S. demanding that Japan opens its doors to diplomatic and commercial exchange. • Results – U.S. gains extraterritoriality and most favored nation status. – European countries win similar rights. – Criticism and bitterness toward the shogun. – Revolt unseated the shogun and restored the emperor to power. Commodore Matthew Perry • Naval leader who opened up Japan with a letter from President Fillmore and his fleet of steam ships. The Meiji • • • • Meaning: “Enlightened rule” Motto: “A rich country, a strong military.” Leader: Emperor Komei Government: a strong central government with equality before the law for all citizens. • Class System: Class distinctions survived despite reforms. • Modernization: set-up banks, built railroads, improved ports, organized a telegraph and postal system, started industrialization and used western education. The Meiji Restoration • Empire Building – By defeating Russia, Japan gained treaty ports with China and ruled Korea just like European imperialists. – Japan uses their influence in each area for natural resources. • Results – By the early 1900s, Japan was the strongest power in Asia. • In the years to come they would add territory and natural resources. Southeast Asian Colonies • Dutch • British – Controlled the Moluccas and Indonesia where they grew coffee, indigo and spices. – Conquered Burma and Singapore which allowed for more natural resources and profits to enrich Britain. • French - By the 1860s, invasions allowed France to seize Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Effects of Europeans • How Siam (Thailand) remained free. – King Mongkut studied foreign language and modern science to understand Western culture. – Accepted some unequal treaties. – Modernized government, army and technology. – Mongkut’s son Chulalongkorn bargained to remove unequal treaties. – Instead of colonizing them, Britain & France saw Siam as a buffer, or neutral zone. They would be independent by the early 1900s. Self-Rule for Canada, Australia and New Zealand ORIGINAL PEOPLE WAY OF LIFE RESULTS OF COLONIZATION C A N A D A Canada became a flourishing nation, but was a separated nation. A u s t r a li a Made an Independent Commonwealth in 1901 that recognized the British Monarchy. N e w Z e a l a n d Effected by Britain Native taking natural Americans & resources and their land. French Dutch, claimed Used as a Penal by Britain in Colony 1770s Settled farmers Maoris, Britain who wanted to claimed in 1769 defend their land. Many Maoris died and white New Zealanders gained independence in 1907. Economic Imperialism in Latin America • Instability – New Latin American countries were weakened by regionalism, loyalty to an area and local strongmen called caudillos, who resisted the central government. • Economic Dependence – Even with their new found independence, Latin American countries still relied on trade with Britain and the U.S. to supplant Spain, due to their weak economy. Latin American Biographies • Santa Anna – a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first fighting against independence from Spain, and then becoming its chief general and president at various times over a turbulent 40-year career. • Benito Juarez – Seized power in 1855 and opened an era of reform known as La Reforma, by revising the Mexican constitution to strip the military of power and end special privileges of the church. • Porfirio Diaz – Former war hero and dictator who made economic advances at the expense of his own people. Diaz peonage system allowed the rich to prosper, while most Mexicans remained poor. The Influence of the U.S. • Monroe Doctrine – a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers would no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. • Panama Canal – Water way that would connect Atlantic & Pacific Oceans. The U.S. had to back a revolt by the Panamanians to defeat Colombia in order to build the canal. Relationship based upon Colonization • Imperial West – Economy • Global economy had emerged including machine-made goods, investment capital & technology. – Industry • Mass-produced goods from the industrialized world disrupted traditional economies – Culture • Cecil Rhodes said it best: “The more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race.” • Colonies – Economy • Provided agricultural goods, natural resources & cheap labor. – Industry • The Indian market was flooded by British goods, so Indian hand-made weavers could not keep up. – Culture • Conquered people were forced to modernize and westernize and came to believe in western superiority.