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Missions & Settlement Chapter 5 Texas History Coach Fletcher The Priests The priests job was to: 1. Represent both the Roman Catholic church and the empire of Spain. 2. Teach the Indians the Christian religion and farming techniques. 3. Look after the interests of the Spanish government. Presidios Many Indians didn’t like the Spaniards, the Spaniards built presidios to protect themselves. A presidio is a small fort with Spanish soldiers. As a result of the missions many other settlements develops around that area. They were called civil settlements, made up of civilians such as farmers, ranchers, merchants- not priest or soldiers. Spanish Mission in East Texas Once La Salle was out of East Texas the Spaniards began to establish the area with missions. De Leon and Father Masanet in 1690 leads a group of missionaries, 100 soldiers into East Texas. They established the first mission in East Texas called San Francisco de los Tejas. Failure of San Francisco de los Tejas During 1691-92: 1. An epidemic killed off the missionaries and many Indians 2. Drought ruined the crops The Indians blamed the Spaniards for their trouble and they started hating them. In 1693, the priest burned the mission and left back to Mexico. Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Juan Bautista was built near the Rio Grande in 1699 by Spaniards. This mission was considered the “Mother of Texas Missions” because it provided a base for many Spanish expeditions into deep Texas. Spanish Return to Texas Father Hidalgo was a Spanish priest wanting to establish a new mission in East Texas. Father Hidalgo writes a letter to the French government, he asks that the Spaniards and the French get together and build a mission in East Texas. Governor Cadillac of Louisiana The Governor Cadillac of Louisiana agrees that the Spaniards and the French should put a mission in East Texas. Good for the French because: 1. Be able to trade with the Spaniards 2. Be able to trade with the Indians The French were looking to get rich from trading. They didn’t want to convert the Indians. Louis de St. Denis The French sent Louis de St. Denis into Texas to help establish the trading post. In 1714, St. Denis enters the San Juan Bautista presidio to find Father Hidalgo. St. Denis was arrested, the Spanish law said that nobody from another country could be on Spanish land. They took him to Mexico City. St. Denis in Mexico City Once in Mexico City St. Denis claims he wants to establish the mission to convert the Indian. Actually he only want to trade with them. The Viceroy of Mexico City agrees with the plan to return to East Texas with some conditions. Terms of the Mission in East Texas The Viceroy said he would rebuild the mission if: 1. There was no trading between Spanish and French 2. The mission would have a presidio around it. 3. Also the development of civil settlement was established. The Viceroy saw the French as a threat. New East Texas Mission Leader : Captain Domingo Ramon Priest: Father Hidalgo They took: 1. 12 priests 2. 25 soldiers 3. Several Families 4. Gift for Indians 5. Farm supplies 6. Presidio supplies 7. More than 1,000 head of livestock San Antonio Founded The Spaniards felt a need to establish a mission that was half way between New Spain and the East Texas Missions. The village was called San Fernando de Bexar, later called San Antonio This mission was called San Antonio de Valero, later called the Alamo. Problems in East Texas Problems: 1. The French traders had more influence on the Indians than did the Spaniards 2. Crops failed and disease in the missions 3. Spanish soldiers often deserted into French Louisiana 4. France declared war against Spain in 1719 “Chicken War” Seven French soldiers decided to attack a mission and demanded that the only two Spaniards surrender. A flock of squawking chickens were so loud that is scared the French soldiers away. The Spaniards escape, the battle was known as the “Chicken War.” The Spaniards report back to Mexico that the French were putting together a force to attack Spanish Texas. The Aguayo Expedition Marques de Aguayo was chosen to lead soldiers into East Texas to fight the French. He and 500 soldiers enter East Texas in 1721. The Spaniards found no trouble with the French in East Texas. They then reopened a mission and presidio called Los Adaes. Los Adaes became the capital of the province of Tejas, or Spanish Texas. Expansion of the Tejas Missions From 1748 to 1751 more Spanish missions were established along the San Gabriel River. They were called the San Xavier. Other missions develop but later destroyed by the Apaches or the Comanches. Spanish Life in Texas To the Spanish government the missions were a way to expand power. To the Roman Catholic missionaries the missions were a way spread Christianity. If the Indians accepted the mission it was usually successful. The successful missions were the center of Spanish life in Texas. Mission Life Started with religious services at dawn. Then the work day around the mission started Men- worked in the fields Women- made pottery, wove cloth, ran the kitchen, took care of the livestock Children- went to school and then worked Ended with religious services in the evening. The Presidios Presidios were built of timber, stone, & adobe. Presidio had: 1. Barracks for soldiers 2. Quarters for officers 3. Storage rooms 4. Stockade or wall surrounding 5. Cannons Life in the Presidios Major problem with soldiers was morale or attitude. Problem included: 1. Soldiers getting paid very little 2. Boring 3. Fighting with Indians 4. Fighting with missionaries on the issue of how to treat the Indians 5. Poor supplies & uniforms Life in the Civilian Settlements San Antonio was ran by a council called ayuntamiento. Also officials called alcalde who acted as mayor, sheriff, and judge. Settlements were made up of several different cultural backgrounds: African Americans, Spanish, and Indians. Economy of the Civilian Settlements The economy of the settlements were based on: 1. Farming 2. Ranching 3. Trading 4. Blacksmith 5. Cart drivers 6. Livestock Social life in the Settlements Social life centered around family and church. Also included: 1. Fiestas 2. Parades 3. Horse racing 4. Dances 5. Musical concerts Successful Missions Only a few missions became successful in: 1. San Antonio 2. Goliad 3. Nacogdoches 4. Los Adaes It was these areas that the Spaniards had the greatest control. Spanish influence on Texas Includes: 1. Roman Catholic beliefs 2. Spanish laws 3. Art, Music and Architecture 4. Language 5. Food 6. Economy through cattle and horses Spanish influence on Texas Spanish influence on geographic names: Such as: 1. Rivers 2. Cities 3. Mountains Most important heritage influence came for the Spanish people, who call Texas home. Spanish Missions Key Terms 1. Presidio- Spanish military fort 2. Council- Advisor to Spanish Officials 3. Province- one district of a country, like a state 4. Ayuntamiento- Spanish city council 5. Alcalde- Chief leader of Spanish village 6. Mestizos- person of mixed Spanish & Native American heritage 7. Tejano- a person of Mexican heritage who considers Texas as home