Download Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
World History Chapter 7
Building a German Nation
• Taking Initial Steps Towards Unity
• In the early 1800’s, Germany existed as many smaller
provinces from counties to dukedoms, but they were
independent under the Holy Roman Emperor.
– Napoleon raids German Lands
• Napoleon changed German political geography after his
conquest of the area.
• Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, united many of
the smaller German states, and brought the Napoleonic
Code, as well as the idea of nationalism to the German
states.
– Economic changes promote unity
• As Germany gradually agreed to common trade laws, many
called for unification, and at the 1848 Frankfurt Assembly,
offered the crown to Frederick William IV of Prussia, who
refused it as it came from “the people”.
Bismarck Unites Germany
– Otto von Bismarck, a Prussian noble, used his position as chancellor of
Prussia to unify Germany by a policy of “blood and iron”.
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Master of Realpolitik
– Realpolitik is a definition of politics where reality was the driving force
(greed, power, security) as opposed to lofty idealism. There exists
honor in realpolitik only as long as there is advantage in it.
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Strengthening the Army
– To begin his unification of Germany, Bismarck first needed a grand
army, which he created by taking funds from other budget areas.
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Prussia Declares War with Denmark and Austria
– Creating an Alliance with Austria, Bismarck carved out a couple of
provinces from Denmark, and then turned on his Austrian allies to end
Austrian dominance of German politics and capture German speaking
provinces in Austria.
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France Declares War with Prussia
– Bismarck then baited Napoleon III to declare war on Germany, then
humiliated the French in the Franco-Prussian War. This added
provinces along the Rhine to a new German Empire.
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Birth of the German Empire
– These victories emboldened the German nobility to offer Prussian King
William I to take the title of Kaiser (emperor), and hailed the birth of
the Second Reich (Holy Roman Empire was the first)
Germany Strengthens
• Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant
• By the late 1800’s, German Chemical and Electrical industries were the best in
Europe, and Germany possessed a merchant marine second only to Britain’s
– Making Economic Progress
• Germany possessed most of the same resources that Britain had to achieve
industrialization, including vast coal and iron deposits, especially in the Ruhr
valley.
• Krupp – steel and weapons
• August Thyssen – steel
• Carl Zeiss - optics
– Promoting Scientific and Economic Development
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Science in industry
Educated workers
Synthetics
Single currency
Coordinated railroads
Protectionist policies
The Iron Chancellor
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Campaign Against the Church
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Kulturkampf (battle for civilization)
Fought to make loyalty to Germany above loyalty to the church. Supervised Catholic education, expelled the
Jesuits, made all marriages civil, not religious.
Policies backfired, Bismarck recognized errors
Campaign Against the Socialists
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Bismarck considered both the Church and the Socialists to be a threat to the newly unified Germany, and
took steps to address both groups
First fought socialists by banning them, shut down meetings and newspapers. Again, these policies failed.
Bismarck then decided to woo workers away from socialism by granting many of their concerns, showing
them that revolution was not necessary to get reform.
These reforms proved very popular, and became a model for European social policies.
Kaiser William II
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Grandson of William I, he removed Bismarck from office, making him undisputed ruler of Germany.
Social Welfare
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Transportation
Electricity
Expanded public schooling
Expanded the military
Wanted to build a fleet to rival Britain
Unifying Italy
• Obstacles to Italian Unity
• Since Roman times, Italy had
become a place of independent city
states, and small monarchies, often
under foreign control
• As with Germany, Napoleon’s
invasion sparked ideas of
nationalism and a unified Italy
• Italy underwent many revolts but
these were put down by Austrian
and French forces
– Mazzini Establishes Young Italy
• Giuseppe Mazzini, a nationalist
leader, formed a revolutionary
republic in Rome, but this was put
down by the French, and Mazzini
was sent into exile
– Nationalism Takes Root
• Though Mazzini did not succeed,
nationalism spread throughout Italy
The Struggle for Italy
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Cavour Becomes Prime Minister
– Victor Emmanuel II, constitutional monarch of Sardinia (includes Piedmont, Nice, and Savoy),
in 1852 made Count Camillo Cavour his Prime minister. Cavour was much like Bismark, and
wanted to unify Italy under Emmanuel
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Intrigue with France
– Cavour maneuvered Sardinia into an alliance with France and Britain in the Crimean War, and
gained some recognition, which he used to set up a secret alliance with France against Austria.
– Fighting with Austria gained Sardinia much of Northern Italy
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Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”
– Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist like Mazzini, who also spent time in exile, accepted Cavour’s
support to take control of southern Italy and Sicily.
– With his 1000 “Red Shirts” Garibaldi was successful in gaining popular support in the south
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Unity at Last
– Afraid that Garibaldi’s successes would turn him into a ruler of southern Italy, Cavour
encouraged Emmanuel to send troops south against Garibaldi, but these troops joined
Garibaldi instead of fighting him.
– In a surprise move, Garibaldi gave up control of the south and his army willingly to Emmanuel,
unifying Italy for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire
Changes Facing the New Nation
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Divisions
– Even though nationalism brought
Italians together, old rivalries remained
unsettled
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Turmoil
– Italy’s conservative government
quickly became a target of Socialists
who pushed for liberal reforms, while
anarchists* (those who oppose all
government) committed acts of
sabotage and violence
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Economic Progress
– Though without the coal reserves of
nations like Britain and Germany,
industrialization improved conditions
in Italy, though many of the poor and
discouraged emigrated from the
country to find new opportunities in
the U.S.
Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
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The Hapsburg Empire Declines
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Once ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, The Hapsburg family still controlled Austria-Hungary.
– Austria Faces Change
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Congress of Vienna
“Rule, and change nothing.” Francis I to his son.
Resisted industrialization as a threat to traditional life.
Multiracial problems added to the pains of modernization
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Industrial workers strikes
Socialists (*note: Why always socialists?)
– A Multinational Empire
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Empire of 50 Million people, only a quarter of them Austrian
Half were Slavic peoples: Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes
Italians, Hungarians make up the rest
Rival groups often pushed together
Nationalism becomes the fire, rather than the glue
Revolts of 1848 put down harshly
– Francis Joseph Grants Limited Reforms
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Young Francis Joseph (18) would rule until WWI
Made limited reforms, but favored Austria heavily
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
• The Austria-Hungary Government
– Under pressure after Austria’s
defeat to Prussia, a moderate
Hungarian Ferene Deak proposed a
dual monarchy, with Francis Joseph
as Emperor of Austria and King of
Hungary.
– Shared ministries of Finance,
Defense, and Foreign Affairs, but all
other functions were separate
– Formed the Austrian-Hungarian
Government
• Nationalist Unrest Increases
– Other groups were less than
satisfied with this compromise, and
Slavic peoples called for
independence.
– Unrest would continue to increase
until the assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand, which would start WWI
The Ottoman Empire Collapses
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Balkan Nationalism Erupts
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Greece and Serbia win independence (1830’s)
Other Baltic nations continue unrest to gain independence (Romania, Bulgaria)
European Powers Divide up the Ottoman Empire
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The Ottoman Empire, stretching from the Balkans to North Africa to the Middle East, was similar to the
Hapsburg Empire in that it was multinational, and nationalism was a pressure splitting the Empire apart.
Seeing the Ottomans as weak, “the old man of Europe”, the other European powers moved in to take what
they wanted, splitting the Empire up.
Russia moved around the Black Sea, Austria-Hungary grabbed Bosnia and Herzegovina, while England and
France moved to take the Middle East and North Africa.
War in the Balkans
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Every European engaged in wars in this region, sometimes directly, sometimes by proxy, and the alliances
changed depending on the interests of the European power.
This resulted in the region being highly unstable, known as the “Balkan Powder Keg”
Russia: Reform and Reaction
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Conditions in Russia
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By 1815 Russia was the largest and most populous state in Europe,
with territory stretching from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea,
and from Baltic Sea to the Pacific and beyond (Alaska and coast
down to California)
Despite attempts to westernize by Peter the Great and Catherine
the Great, Russia had to deal with it’s huge size and a rigid social
structure that resisted change.
– Russia’s social structure
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Landowning nobles dominated the structure of Russian society,
and resented any attempt to reduce their authority and privileges.
There was virtually no middle class in Russia that could counteract
the power of the nobles.
The vast majority of people in Russia were serfs, who were little
better than slaves.
The inefficiencies of the system were of little concern to the
nobles, who only wanted to protect their power.
– Ruling with Absolute Power
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Though the Tsars of Russia held absolute power, efforts at reform
did little good, nor did enlightenment ideals reach far into the
interior. Each time the Crown attempted to make the lives of the
peasants, support from the nobles weakened.
Emancipation and Stirrings of
Revolution
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Freeing the Serfs
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As Russia attempted to expand along the Black Sea, France and Britain attacked the
Crimean Peninsula in the Black Sea (1855). This defeat for Russia underlined how
backward Russia had become, and started to bring pressure for reforms.
Following widespread discontent, Alexander II issued a royal decree ending serfdom.
While reforms did not provide enough land for former serfs to be independent, it was
the turning point for other reforms.
Introducing Other Reforms
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Instituting local government
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Road repairs, schools, agriculture
Trial by jury
Reduced censorship
Military service reduced
Encouraged industry
Revolutionary Currents
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These reforms did not do much to quell anger; peasants needed land, liberals wanted a
constitution, radicals wanted even more reform
The Tsar, fearing revolution, moved away from reform and became repressive
The failures of reform, and reaction to the more repressive attitude of government led
to the assassination of Alexander II in 1881
Minorities Suffer
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Crackdown
– Alexander III responded to the assassination of his
father by becoming even more repressive
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Secret police
Exile to Siberia
Strict censorship
Russification (One language, one church)
Minority groups suffer persecution (Ukrainians, Poles,
Finns, Armenians, Muslims and Jews)
Persecution and Pogroms
– Jewish people in Poland and Ukraine (acquired by
Russia)
– Under Alexander III, Jewish people were limited in
terms of the number who could attend universities
and what they could study, what professions they
could have, where they could live (shtetle)
– Jewish people were often the targets of pogroms,
government approved mob violence against
minorities
– Many Jewish people emigrated to the U.S. as a result
Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution
– The drive to industrialize Russia occurred late in 1890,
far behind other European powers. Money was a
major problem, as well as the vast distances in Russia
(trans-Siberian railroad).
– This economic development brought many to the cities
eager to find work in the factories, but hours were
long, wages poor, and conditions harsh.
– Socialist activists brought the politics of Karl Marx to
the workers.
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Russo-Japanese War
– In 1904, after a series of expansions by the Russians
into territories the Japanese considered to be
important to Japan, the Japanese decided to attack
Port Arthur (Russian naval base).
– In all, the Russians were humiliated by the Japanese,
loosing not only considerable territory, as well as two
fleets.
“A Whiff of Grapeshot…”
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Bloody Sunday
– News of the military disasters released pent up
discontent, and protesters went on strike. Worked
demanded more pay and shorter hours, liberals called
for a constitution.
– A peaceful protest led by a priest to the Winter Palace.
The Tsar panicked and called out the army. Hundreds
were shot down.
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The Revolution of 1905
– Violence exploded across Russia, and the government
was essentially powerless.
– In an October Manifesto, Nicholas I ordered several
reforms enacted, including freedoms of “person,
conscience, speech, assembly, and union.”
– Nicholas I also created a Duma to approve laws
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Results of the Revolution
– The Manifesto won over moderates, but Nicholas I
quickly shut down the Duma when it criticized the
government
– The only lesson Nicholas learned was more repression,
which can only be tolerated for so long…
– Prime Minister Peter Stolypin understood this, and tried
to enact reforms, but it was too little too late. Stolypin
was assassinated in 1911.