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Globe Section 1 Hemispheres- divides the earth into halves Equator- divides north and south Prime Meridian- Divides east and west Parallels- circle the earth and show latitude Latitude- distance measured in degrees N & S of equator Globe Section 1 Globe is a sphere Homolosine Projection- equal-area tennis ball Mercator Projection – shows shapes but not the sizes Robinson- Shows size and shapes of land and oceans, Poles are off Azimuthal Projection- shows earth so that a straight line from central point to any other point, sizes and shapes are distorted Globe Section 1 Two important parallels are the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn Cancer- N of the equator 23 1/2 N Capricorn- S of the equator 23 1/2 S Artic Circle- 66 1/2 N Antarctic Circle- 66 1/2 S Globe Section 1 Meridians- N to S (pole to pole) Longitude- distance measured in degrees E & W Grid System- Lat & Long lines crossing Absolute Location- using grid system Great Circle Route- shortest distance between two points Globe Section 2 Map Key- explains symbols on the map Compass Rose- N,S,E,W Cardinal direction- N,S,E,W Intermediate direction- between Scale- measures distance Globe Section 2 Political maps- human made boundaries Physical map- mountains, rivers Relief- colors used to show how rugged Elevation- height above sea level Contour map-Contour lines- line for each major level change Globe Section 2 1. 2. 3. 4. Thematic maps show one specific idea or theme (show anything you want) Land use maps Geological map Population density map- average number of people living in a square mile Climate map- average temps Chapter 1 Section 1 5 geographical Themes Location Region Place Movement Human-environment interaction 5 Fields of Learning 1 History- record of the past (helps you orient you in time and space 2 Geography- is the study of people, places and environment 3 Government- people and groups within a society that have authority to make laws carry out laws and settle disagreements (laws are the rules people must follow) Chapter 1 Section 1 Limited government- everyone including those who make the laws must follow them Democracy- people have authority to make laws directly Republic- people make laws through elected officials Chapter 1 Section 1 Unlimited government- rulers can do whatever they want Totalitarianism- people have no say Citizenship- legal member of a country (rights, such as vote , pay taxes and receive benefits from the government) 4 Economics- study of how people manage their money (this is about choice) Scarcity-conflict between people’s desires and their limited resources Resources Natural (trees) Human (goods and services) Capital- (machines and equipment) Chapter 1 Section 1 Two type of economies Command- government decides prices Market- individual business decide prices 5 Culture- beliefs, customs, laws, basically how people live Culture trait- each way of life Religion Language The way they dress Music Chapter 1 Section 2 Culture Region- an area of the world in which share similar beliefs, history, and languages Multicultural- many cultures (U.S. and Canada) unlike parts of the Middle East Interdependence- how one part of the world depends on another part of the world for it goods services (oil, food) Chapter 2 Section 1 Tectonic plate- giant slabs of Earth’s surface 5 Geographic Themes Location- where is where a place is Absolute Location- exact place Latitude lines- run parallel to the equator Longitude lines- meridians run with the Prime Meridian Relative location- location of one place in relation to another location (next to someplace) Chapter 2 Section 1 Place- is the area around the place (rivers mnts, trees) Region- group of places that have physical feature (natural) or human characteristics (languages) Movement- people, goods and ideas move Migrate- move from one area to settle in another Emigrate- leave a country Immigrate- to enter a country Push factors- make you leave Pull factors- make you want to go to a place Chapter 2 Section 1 Human-Environment Interaction- humans adapt to, depend on, and modify the world around them Humans may harm or help the environment Clear meadows, Pollution Environment can harm itself Volcanoes, hurricanes Chapter 2 Section 2 Cartographer- person who makes maps Thematic map- shows one specific idea Map projection- putting Earth’s curved surface on a flat map Geography is also the use of charts, graphs and maps Chapter 3 Section 1 North America includes U.S. Canada Greenland worlds largest Island Mexico Central America and the Caribbean island South America and Latin America receive their heritage from Spain and Portugal Latin America includes South America and Mexico and the Caribbean islands Chapter 3 Section 1 Middle Latitudes from Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer Earliest settlers arrived 12,000 to 35,000 years ago Video Geographic Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain- Gulf of Mexico to the east coast Appalachian Mountains Central Lowlands- West of the Appalachian to the Great Plains Great Plains to the Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains- western part of the continent from Alaska to Mexico Chapter 3 Section 1 Intermountain Region- Between the Rocky Mountains and western coastal mountains Canadian Shield or Laurentian Plateau- covers most of Greenland around the Hudson Bay and into the Great Lakes Landforms- features of the Earth’s surface Glacier- thick sheet of ice that moves slowly across land Mississippi and Missouri rivers are the longest in the U.S. Chapter 3 Section 2 Weather- state of the atmosphere near Earth at a given time and place Precipitation- rain Climate- weather in a region over a long period of time Chapter 3 Section 2 Vegetation Zones- what grows in these areas Polar and Tundra 4-20 in. Forests 10-80 in. Rain Forests as much as 167 in. Grassland around 30 in. Desert less than 10 in. Chapter 3 Section 2 U.S. Canada rich in natural resources Soil Forests Oil Coal Water Farm Raise cattle Ship goods Fish Energy Chapter 4 Section 1 U.S. many cultures Melting pot Salad bowl Patchwork quilt English from England in the U.S. French in Canada Spanish in the south from Spain Immigrant someone who chooses to move into a country Native Americans the first to arrive in U.S. Chapter 4 Section 1 Europeans were the next to arrive in the late 1400’s Slaves in the colonies began in 1500’s and enslaved Africans from Africa came in 1619 1800’s the Chinese's came to work in mines and on railroads Rights in the U.S. 1865 freed slaves 13th amendment 1920 women could vote Equal opportunity- all equal Chapter 4 Section 1 Citizenship- duties and rights of a citizen Democracy- rule of the people Republic- people hold power and rule through their elected officials U.S. is a republic Political process- citizens change policy Patriotism- love of your country Chapter 4 Section 1 Duties of a citizen Pay taxes Benefits and services you receive Cast and informed vote Serve on juries Decide and protect rights Serve in the military if needed Volunteer for activities that promote the common good Obey laws Chapter 4 Section 2 United States constitution- written by the country’s first leaders for the laws on the land (government) they have lasted for over 200 years Gain independence from Great Britain in 1783 Constitution defines the following Government Leaders of the government Citizens rights Limited government-citizens have the power and elect officials to help govern the people Chapter 4 section 2 Unlimited government- leaders have almost total power (dictators) Constitutional amendment change or addition to the Constitution Bill of Rights in 1791 gave a specific definition of the rights of the people Federal system divided the power of the U.S. between the federal government and the state governments Federal government the president of the U.S. Chapter 4 Section 2 State government has the Governor Three Branches of government Executive Branch- President Legislative Branch- Congress Senate House Of Representatives Judicial Branch- federal courts Supreme Court (nine justices or judges) Chapter 4 Section 3 Goods something you buy Service is something you receive that is not a product Production- making of goods Factors of production- are the ingredients of the elements needed for production to occur Natural resources- forests, soil Labor resources- workers with skills Capital resources- machines, factories Entrepreneurs- people who bring all of things together Chapter 4 Section 3 U.S. one of the wealthiest countries in the world Gross domestic product (GDP)- tells the total value of the goods and services that a country produces each year Free enterprise/Market economy- compete with little government involvement it is the setting for exchanging goods and services Consumers- people who use goods and service Profit- money that remains after all costs are paid (supply/demand) Chapter 4 Section 3 Supply- number of items offered at each price Demand number of items bought at each price Other Economic systems Command Economy- government decides which goods to produce and the price Traditional Economy- Social roles and classes determine who gets what in the economy Market economy is the one the U.S. uses Tariffs- taxes on imported goods (this raises the prices on imported goods then people will want to buy domestic goods Chapter 4 Section 4 Values- principles and ideals by which people live School until 16 Any religion you would like to study Globalization- spreading around the world Technology new ideas and machines Negative technology Pollution Loss of cultures and ideas Money affects countries if you have money you have the new technology Chapter 5 Section 1 5% of Canadians come from the first nation the rest come from all over First Nation are people that are originally from Canada France and England started the first settlements of Canada French Indian War 1754-1763 control North America France lost the war and gave up most of the Canadian land Chapter 5 Section 1 1867 Dominion of Canada along with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick became selfgoverning nation with the British monarch remaining the head of state 1871 Canada gained the remaining land to go from ocean to ocean 1931 Canada equal with the United Kingdom and joined commonwealth of Nations 1982 Canada separated from England Multiculturalism- acceptance of many cultures instead of just one Chapter 5 Section 1 Canadian citizens have most of the same rights as U.S. citizens Land area second to only Russia Very small population 31 million Vancouver “Gateway to the Pacific” largest port Refugees- people who flee one country because of war or persecution Toronto- 1/12 of Canada’s population and ¼ of its immigrants 40% of Toronto's population are foreign born 10% arrived after 1991 Chapter 5 Section 2 Canada 10 Provinces and 3 territories Responsibilities of central government National defense Trade Banking Immigration Criminal Law Postal Service Chapter 5 Section 2 Responsibilities of Provincial Government Administer Education Property Rights Local Government Hospitals Provincial Taxes Territorial Government still have self-government but with limited responsibilities Chapter 5 Section 2 Constitutional Monarchy- constitution to explain powers of government and allegiance to the monarch Canada government Legislative- Parliament House of Commons Senate Judicial (US) Executive Prime Minister (president) (Majority leader) Head of State- is a monarch official Queen has little if no power Chapter 5 Section 2 Canada has a democracy and this democracy is responsible for protecting the people rights Charter of Rights- defines the people rights Separatists- people who want the province of Quebec to become an independent country Canadian Multicultural Act 1988 protects Canadians heritage Chapter 5 Section 3 Canada rich in natural resources Most Canadians work in the service and manufacturing industries Industry refers to any area of economic activity Central Canada Grasslands Good soil St. Lawrence river Farming (vegetables, fruit and grains Northern territories iron ore,gold,silver and copper Chapter5 Section 3 80% of Canada raw materials exported Exports goods traded to other countries Main exports: Wood and paper products Fuel Minerals Aluminum Wheat Oil Imports goods brought into a country Chapter 5 Section 3 Most of Canada's imports come from the U.S. as well as its exports go to the U.S. NAFTA- low barriers Mexico, Canada and the U.S. trade more freely now Transportation is Canada major industry Transportation Corridors- paths that make transportation easier St. Lawrence Seaway Transportation Barriers- geographic features that prevent a slow down transportation Rocky Mountains Chapter 5 Section 4 National Identity- sense of belonging to a nation Bilingual- speak two languages English French Francophone- French speaking people that live in Canada Culture Regions- people of the same culture live here Chapter 6 Section 1 Latin America: Mexico Central America Caribbean South America Mexico major physical feature Mountains Plateaus Plains Chapter 6 Section 1 Mexico major mountain ranges Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental Sierra Madre del Sur Mexico highest mountain peaks Orizaba Popocatepetl Both are volcanoes Mexico City is the worlds 2nd most populated City (now it is the 10th and Mumbai in India is the most populated) Chapter 6 section 1 Earthquakes and smog cause problems for Mexico City Central America forms land bridge between Mexico and South America 80% of Central America mountains or covered with forests Rain forests are abundant here 40 volcanoes in Central America make it the most active volcano area in North and South America Chapter 6 Section 1 Caribbean Island lies east of Central America Most of these islands are volcanoes The remainder of the islands began as coral reefs Coral reef dead skeletons of animals built up around volcanoes Chapter 6 Section 1 Isthmus of Panama connects South America and North America Andes mountains stretches over 5,000 miles it is the longest continuous mountain range on Earths surface Mount Aconcagua in Argentina highest peak in the Western Hemisphere 22,841 feet high Pampas- plains of southern South America Amazon River begins in Peruvian Andes 4,000 miles to the Atlantic Chapter 6 Section 1 Tributaries- streams or rivers that flow into larger bodies of water Deforestation- cutting and clearing away of forest Most of Latin America lies in the Tropical Zone (tropics) El Nino- air that blows towards North and South America warming it and causing rain Chapter 6 Section 2 Maya civilization began: Eastern Mexico Western Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Belize Maya invented the concept of zero and calendar Maya also used hieroglyphics the first form of writing Maya also used farming Maya decline and spread out in Central America Chapter 6 Section 2 Aztec empire capital in Tenochtitlan 200,000 people Mexico got its name from the Mexica tribe Chinampas floating gardens they grew crops on them Chapter 6 Section 2 Inca Columbia Ecuador Bolivia Northern Chile Northwestern Argentina Inca used terraces to farm on hill sides Inca created the road system Machu Picchu- Inca city most famous for the Inca stone work Chapter 6 Section 2 Spanish Influence 1519 Hernan Cortes captured Aztec ruler Montezuma 1529 Francisco Pizarro defeated Atahualpa the Inca ruler Columbian Exchange occurred between Spain and North and South America Columbian Exchange- exchange of goods and ideas between countries Chapter 7 Section 1 Hernan Cortes first Spanish to arrive in Mexico Many of Montezuma’s own people helped over throw him he was very cruel Montezuma Aztec The fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521 was the end of the Aztec empire This was the beginning of Spanish rule Spain ruled Mexico for the next 300 years Chapter 7 Section 1 Spanish brought horses, cattle, sheep and pigs They also brought ironsmithing and shipbuilding and new religion (Christianity) Peninsulares- 1st class ruling class in Mexico born in Spain and because they were from the Iberian Peninsula in Europe they received their name Criollos- 2nd class people who were born in Mexico but parents born in Spain Mestizo- 3rd layer or class Spanish and Native American heritage Slaves – 4th class Africans they brought with them their traditions as well Chapter 7 Section 1 Encomienda- Spanish men given villages to oversee and collect tributes for the Spanish Native Americans remained poor and lived a hard life they were like slaves Father Miguel Hidalgo lead a charge against Spain in a speech called Grito de Dolores he was killed in the battle 1821 Mexico gained freedom from Spain Native Americans gained little as the classes remained the same Mexico could not settle the northern territory they had the US do it Texas became part of the Mexican territory Chapter 7 Section 1 Texas left Mexico and won independence in 1836 1845 Texas became part of the US Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo forced Mexico to surrender Gadsden Purchase of 1853 gave US more of Mexico and the boundaries were adjusted later Chapter 7 Section 2 Benito Juarez 1858 Mexico’s president 1857 New Constitution 1858-1860 War of Reform trying to get the constitution to agree with all of the people Until the 20th century a few remained in power and a few were wealthy the rest remained in poverty 1910 800 families owned 90% of the land 1910-1920 Mexican revolution Armies from all areas fought each other Hacienda large ranches Ejido community farm owned by villagers Chapter 7 Section 2 Institutional Revolutionary Party – (from the revolution) presidents came from this party from 1929 - 2000 Vicente Fox elected president from the National Action Party 31 states make up Mexico Mexico 3 branches of government Executive Legislative Judicial Same as the US Government remains the same from federal to local government Chapter 7 Section 3 Farming has been Mexico main industry 25% of Mexican workers are farmers They work on community farms called ejido Some of the community farms have been broken up into privatized farms under Mexican president in 1991 Distribution is the process of moving products to their markets Government helped with the expansion of industry in Mexico Oil is the only business still owned by the government today Chapter 7 Section 3 Maquiladora- a factory that imports duty-free parts from the United States to make products that it exports back to the US Most of the maquiladora’s are owned by foreigners They use them for the cheap labor that is in Mexico North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Mexico's most important natural resource is oil Mexico’s government controls the oil industry (PEMEX) Oil is Mexico biggest export and the US is the largest buyer Tourism is the second largest business in Mexico Chapter 7 Section 4 Mexico three main cultures: Native American Spanish Mexican 1 in 5 Mexicans lives in Mexico City Mexico City 18 million people second to only Tokyo Japan Smog a large problem in Mexico City Small out lying towns still have the traditional life style of Mexico Outdoor markets are held once a week in the small villages Rural Mexico poverty is a problem Education is limited in rural areas Many have moved to the urban areas to find jobs September 16th Mexico Independence Day Chapter 8 Section 1 Central America Belize Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Caribbean Islands- West Indies They include 13 nations and 11 dependencies Dependency- place that is governed by or closely connected with another country Chapter 8 Section 1 Puerto Rico – United States Caribbean Like the US Natives forced into slavery and they either died of diseases or killed in wars Later Africans came from Africa as slaves Mulattos- African or European ancestry Central America Unlike the Caribbean's were most Native Americans died in Central America about 1/5 of the population are Native Americans Chapter 8 Section 1 Ladinos- Spanish, Native American and Africans these are mixed European and Native American and make up 2/3 of the population 1500- 1800 European nations ruled Central America and the West Indies Europeans found wealth in Central America with gold and sugar Central America found its freedom in the early 1800’s Panama- canal opened by the US in 1914 The US leased the land from Panama until 1999 when they gave it back to Panama Chapter 8 Section 1 Spanish-American war- 1898 US declares war on Spain in less than a year war over and US kept military base in Cuba and Puerto Rico Nearly all of the countries have spent time under dictator Dictator- a person who has a complete control over a country's government Now Central America is under democracy Chapter 8 Section 2 In the early years the Caribbean Islands grew one crop sugar cane Single-Product Economy- rely on crop for income This is very unstable many factors enter into this Rain Government Prices Just a few Diversity became a must- invest in a variety of industries Other crops, pineapples bananas Textiles, medical supplies, electronic equipment Chapter 8 Section 2 Tourism has become one of the main industries Central America developed coffee US based fruit company called UFCO and bananas became a large export Central America had two exports Bananas and coffee now they have machinery, furniture, cloth and medicine Chapter 8 Section 2 Caribbean cultures Languages Religions- Roman Catholic most wide spread however each island does have its own specific religion Music Central America culture Language- Spanish Religion- Catholic Crafts- weaving, embroidery, pottery, silversmith Chapter 8 Section 3 After the Spanish-American War Cuba became independent and the US kept a military base there called Guantanamo Bay Cuba started under dictator and now is communist country and is controlled by a dictator Fidel Castro came into power in 1959 and then sided with the Soviet Union Communism- government plans and controls a country’s economy, government (government owns the country’s farms, factories, and business) Chapter 8 Section 3 Cuba’s economy - when the Soviet Union fell so did Cuba’s economy the Soviet’s supported the economy and kept it alive they traded with them Cuba must sell their goods on the open market and it has caused Cuba to suffer Children go to school from the ages of 6-12 then decide if they want to continue All schools are free including colleges All health care is free as well Since 1990 after the fall of the Soviets Malnutrition has become a problem Malnutrition- food shortage causing poor health Chapter 8 Section 3 Communist rule or a Dictator- people do not have the same freedoms as we do in the US Chapter 8 Section 4 Central America which includes Guatemala gained independence from Spain in 1821 US has ties with Guatemala UFCO had large land holdings in Guatemala and did not want land redistributed and the US helped overthrow the government 1985 a democracy was put in place similar to the US with a executive, legislative, and judicial branch of government Department- governors that head Guatemala states Chapter 8 Section 4 Turn of the century Guatemala was one of the richest countries in Central America Agriculture is the main industry Economy also relies on manufacturing, textiles and clothing US is the largest importer of Guatemala goods Tourism is a growing industry as well More than half of the population in Guatemala are Maya the rest are ladinos Chapter 8 Section 4 Children go to school from ages 7-13 however 1/3 do not 15% attend high school Rural people do not have bathrooms, running water, electricity Urban people have all of the modern connivances as the US Chapter 9 Section 1 Spanish explorer in 1531 arrived in Peru Portugal claimed Brazil and built most of their colonies on the coast Like in the US the Native died from overwork and diseases Slaves were then imported into South America to work on the sugar plantations South America fights for its freedom starting in 1810 Simon Bolivar freed the northern South America Jose de San Martin defeated Spanish forces in the south 1825 nearly all of Spanish South America was free Chapter 9 Section 1 Brazil gained its independence in 1822 without a fight The Prince of Portugal gave them their independence and for this he was named the emperor 1800-1990 a struggle for power took place in different parts of South America with different leaders and or dictators Bolivar tried to unite South America but he could not Pan-America- all of the Americas Bolivar tried to create an US with states However in 1948 Latin America joined the US in the Organization of American States (OAS) They make sure human rights are not violated Chapter 9 Section 1 Europeans began to influence South American culture with immigration They also helped build industry as well Most of the different cultures and ethnic groups live in different regions and are not mixed much Chapter 9 Section 2 Transportation Barriers in South America Rain forest Andes Mountains Transportation Corridors Amazon River Natural Resources Minerals Gold Iron ore Lead Petroleum Tin copper Chapter 9 Section 2 Fertile Land (Agriculture) Beef Grain Sugar Wool Bananas Coffee Fishing Grounds are very important natural resource Manufacturing is very important for Venezuela, Chile, Argentina Shoes, furniture, beverages, textiles Brazil (most important) Cars, trucks Computers, televisions, airplanes Chapter 9 Section 2 South America created the free-trade zone Free-trade zone is people and goods move across borders without being taxed this would be all through the Americas Economic Indicators- statistics that show how a country’s economy is doing South America is trying to improve their economy at all times South America has seen urbanization ( moving to the cities) Chapter 9 Section 2 Better jobs, healthcare and schools in the cities Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires two of the larger cities in the world Slums also occur in the cities as houses can not be built fast enough Chapter 9 Section 3 Brazil has the greatest population and is the largest country and its gross domestic product is larger than any other country Since 1985 Brazil has a democratic government Government has helped the economy grow by supporting the economy Brazil is second only the US in exporting of crops Brazil is the leading producer in the world in coffee, oranges, bananas, and corn Chapter 9 Section 3 Unemployment- not enough businesses to hire workers (not enough jobs) Inflation- general increase in the price of goods and services Brazil brought over more enslaved Africans than any North or South American country Native Americans make up less than 1% of Brazils population 4 out of 5 Brazilians live in cities (Sao Paulo and Rio do Janeiro two of the largest cities) Brasilia- new capital inland to help spread the population it is not over populated Chapter 9 Section 3 Brazil official language is Portuguese It has many languages as well that are used because of the vast cultures Religion- Catholic 20% are non-catholic Chapter 9 Section 4 Peru three different landforms Mountains Rain forest Desert All three are transportation barriers Andes Mountains runs entire length of Peru and divides it half East of Andes are rain forests or (selva) Western side are deserts (Atacama Desert) most of the people live here Live near oasis ( fertile region in the desert formed around a river or spring) Chapter 9 Section 4 Peru imports certain foods Grains Vegetable oils Some meats Peru grows Sugar cane Cotton Coffee Dairy in the south Meats from, cattle, sheep, alpaca and goats Fish along the coast Peru mines most of it is in the rain forest and makes it hard to mine Silver Copper Bismuth Chapter 9 Section 4 Peru independent from Spain in 1821 Peru Communist groups have been fighting democracy since the early 1980’s Guerrilla Warfare (small groups using surprise attacks) has been their main focus More Native Americans live in Peru than any other South American Country 45% (Inca) Quechua people who live in the Andes highlands and speak Inca Most people live in cities or towns Chapter 9 Section 4 Lima, Peru’s capital population is about 7 million Lima lacks some of the basic services Electricity Running water Public transportation Peru’s rural farmers are poor and try to farm very small pieces of land Peru Catholicism is the most popular with 90% of the population Chapter 10 Section 1 Europe waterways: Mediterranean Sea Danube River Rhine River Volga River 2,200 miles long the longest in Europe Peninsulas- bodies of land surrounded by water on three sides Scandinavian Peninsula: Norway and Sweden Fjord: long narrow, deep inlet of the sea located between steep cliffs Iberian Peninsula: Portugal and Spain Pyrenees Mountains separate it from the rest of the continent Italy’s Peninsula: Italy Chapter 10 Section 1 Ural Mountains divide Europe from Asia Great European Plain- France to the Ural Mountains Plain- large flat area of land usually without many trees Cold in the Mountains in the winter and it is warmer on the flat land the mountains protect the rest of the country from the cold weather Natural Resources: Coal (Germany Ruhr Valley) Iron Ore (Russia and Ukraine) Rich Soil Plentiful Rainfall (20-40 inches Chapter 10 Section 2 Greek Peninsula is mountains and is very difficult to farm and settle Olives and Grapes are two of the few crops that are grown Fishing a large industry City-State included a central city called a Polis and surrounding villages it has its own laws and government (kind of like a county and county seat and the surrounding towns) Greeks began to settle in the Aegean Sea on the small islands around it Some Greeks settled in Spain and North Africa and used the natural resources to send back and trade with in Greece Wheat, Timber, Iron Ore Chapter 10 Section 2 Oligarchy- system in which a few powerful and wealthy rule (Sparta was ruled this way) This happened a great deal in the city-states Tyrant ruled some of the other city-states Democracy formed in some of the other city-states Athens a very large city-state that had democracy and it was for males and the wealthy Sparta ruled by oligarchy of two kings Sparta and Athens fought with each other Persians tried to conquer the Greeks so Sparta and Athens joined together to defeat them Chapter 10 section 2 Literature came from the Greeks to honor their gods and ancient myths Philosopher- a person who studies and thinks about why the world is the way it is (Socrates, Plato) Plato and Aristotle started the school Lyceum King Philip II of Macedonia conquered Greece and later he died and his son Alexander the Great took over and conquered land all the way into Asia and beyond (Mediterranean area) When Alexander died the land was divided back up again amongst his Generals Chapter 10 Section 3 Rome began as a group of villages on the Tiber River in now Italy Rome was ruled by kings until 509B.C. then it became a republic Rome had a senate that was very powerful and had leaders to help it run smoothly Most members of the Senate were called Patricians- members of a wealthy, landowning family who traced their family back to Rome Plebeian- ordinary working male citizens of Rome Chapter 10 Section 3 Rome ruled most of the Italian Peninsula Carthage ruled North Africa and southern Spain Rome overthrew Carthage and became the ruler Rome eventually controlled most of the land around the Mediterranean Sea Roman republic ended when Julius Caesar a successful governor and general conquered all of Rome and became a dictator in 46 B.C. Empire- nation or group of territories ruled by a single leader Octavian (Augustus) son of Caesar Chapter 10 Section 3 Augustan Age great growth and knowledge Pax Romana very large Roman Empire last 200 years A.D. 14 Christianity began to spread in the beginning they were persecuted or fed to the lions by the Romans Constantine Roman Empire in A.D. 306 made it the new official religion Chapter 10 Section 4 Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century Middle Ages (Medieval)- period of history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern world (bad time) Charlemagne (Charles the Great)- late 700’s tried to bring peace Pope sides with Charlemagne and people thrive, education, well being improve Monks and Nuns increased during this time |chapter 10 section 4 Land owned by nobles, kings and high church officials Nobles were in charge and developed Feudalism Feudalism- a system of political ties in which the nobles, such as kings, gave out land to less powerful nobles called a (vassal), such as knights. In return the land and the noble would give the lord anything they needed from men to money to arms for battle Fief- parcel of land that was given to the vassal or the noble Chapter 10 Section 4 Manorialism- Lord owned the land which is called a manor, peasants (serf) worked the land and for their protection the Lord they gave them food and they worked for him Peasants worked their land and the land of the lord Guild- protect workers rights 11th century farmers left and moved to town and learned a trade Pope thought he was the most powerful person of the land. Nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 limiting the kings power Chapter 11 Section 1 Crusades- 11th to 13th century expeditions of western European Christians to capture the Holy Lands Renaissance- 14th to the 16th century creativity and learning Renaissance- started on the Italian peninsula (rebirth of Europe) Italian City-States- new wealth from banking, trade and manufacturing Aristocrats became the wealthy, the nobles and lords no longer were that powerful Aristocrats pushed education, arts and fine living Patron people who gave money to improve the citystates Chapter 11 Section 1 Leonardo da Vinci- (1452-1519) during the Renaissance grew to great lengths William Shakespeare- wrote plays during the 17th century Reformation – 16th century movement to change church practices Martin Luther challenged the idea that you did not have to pay for your sins 1517 Luther wrote the 95 theses and translated the Bible into German this was the beginning of the revolt against the Roman Catholic Church Protestants- Luther’s followers because they protested events at an assembly that ended the church's tolerance of their beliefs Chapter 11 Section 2 Spices most important item that was traded during the Renaissance It helped keep food from spoiling 15th century Europeans search for new route to Asia for spices Portugal became the first country to explore trade routes Da Gama in 1488 found to all water route to Asia around Africa Cape Good Hope tip of Africa Chapter 11 Section 2 1492 Queen Isabella of Spain funded Christopher Columbus to find all water route to Asia 1519 Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) Circumnavigate the world John Cabot (England) found Canada or Newfoundland Europeans began to use imperialism on the countries they settled and created colonies Imperialism- controlling the government and economy of another country Chapter 11 Section 3 Europe during the 1600’s developed many things, including steam powered locomotive the era was called the industrial revolution Scientific Revolution – 16th and 17th century brought stars and planets with telescope and also the microscope Industrial Revolution- (late 1700’s) Machines began to replace humans for some functions People moved from the country to cities Labor force- people during the revolution Chapter 11 Section 3 1838 75% of the work force were women and children Capitalism- system in which factories and other businesses make and sell goods Capitalism brought on by the industrial revolution from disease and dirty cities French revolution- 1789 brought a new constitution free and equal citizens France still in trouble Reign of Terror- 1793-1794 executed 17,000 people and beheaded the king and queen Napoleon Bonaparte- 1799 brought them together Bonaparte used nationalism to help the country out Nationalism- pride in one’s country Chapter 11 Section 4 Russia geographically the worlds largest nation is on two continents Europe and Asia 1547 first czar 16 yr. Ivan the Terrible Czar- emperor unlimited type of government (one person is the ruler) Poor became poorer and the farmers and peasants suffered Peter the Great – 1682-1725 defeated Sweden and built St. Petersburg Peter- made Russia stronger but it did not help out the Russian peasants Chapter 11 Section 4 Catherine the Great- 1762-1796 increased Russia’s land mass and as well as Peter did improved education and the arts Catherine did not improve the life of the peasants Russia two types of people rich nobles or poor peasants 1825 nobles tried to overthrow czar but failed 1861 Alexander II freed the serf but imposed a tax on them and then gifted them land and forced them to pay a tax they could not afford The land gifted to them was unsuited for farming Bloody Sunday- 1905 a group of workers marched to the royal palace they were killed Chapter 11 Section 4 Russian Revolution- WWI Russia was forced into the war and this led to the down fall of Nicholas II 1918 Nicholas II and all of his family killed this ended the czar rule of the last 400 years Chapter 12 Section 1 Nationalism- pride in your country Ethnic group- people with similar languages and traditions, but who are not necessarily ruled by a common government Constitutional Monarchy- king or queen, but also a ruling body of elected officials Colonialism- western European nations spent much of their wealth on building strong armies and navies They did this to defend their colonies in other countries Colonies are important they provided goods and raw materials to the home country Chapter 12 Section 1 Dual Monarchy- one ruler governs two nations Chapter 12 Section 2 A young Serbian killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Russia sent troops to defend Serbia Germany declared war against Russia Russia supported Serbia because they had similar ethnic backgrounds (Slavic) This was all the start of World War I (WWI) 1914 Chapter 12 Section 2 Alliance- an agreement among people or nations to unite for a common cause Alliances (1914-1918) Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Germany Turkey (Ottoman Empire) Bulgaria Chapter 12 Section 2 Allies: Russia (dropped out in 1917) France United Kingdom Italy (joined 1915) United States (joined 1917) WWI 22 million civilians and soldiers killed Allies won the war Germany and Allies signed Treaty of Versailles 1919 Chapter 12 Section 2 Treaty of Versailles end of war and Germany to pay for the war and give up valuable territory This treaty changed the way Europe looked and divided the countries into smaller countries Europe very poor and Germany upset so they elect Adolf Hitler as president Hitler believed in Fascism- supports strong central government controlled by the military and led by a powerful dictator Chapter 12 Section 2 Holocaust (Hitler started against the disabled and Jews) millions of people were deliberately killed and other starved to death Hitler invaded Poland and World War II began 1939 Alliances (1939-1945) Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Chapter 12 Section 2 Allies United Kingdom France (until June 1940) Soviet Union ( formerly Russia) United States ( joined 1941 after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor) After WWII NATO was formed (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Western Europe, US and Canada each promised to each other if attacked by Soviet Union Marshall created the Economic Cooperation Act 1948aid to western Europe in the form of agriculture, industrial, and financial This aid stopped an economic depression in Western Europe Chapter 12 Section 3 Iron Curtain- invisible wall between Eastern and Western Europe With the defeat of Germany in WWII Russia ( Soviet Union, USSR) became the most powerful European country Soviet Union establish communist government in Eastern Europe Puppet government- one that does what it is told by an outside force or government (Soviet Union in charge) Chapter 12 Section 3 Communism (Soviet Union) one party system One-Party System- all parties but one are against the law when you voted you get the choice of only one person Joseph Stalin helped overthrow the czars and ruled until his death in 1917-1924 Stalin decide what to produce, how much to produce and who could buy it They controlled everything about the economy Collective farm- government-owned and employed large numbers of workers Farm workers did not even get enough food to feed themselves Chapter 12 Section 3 Secret Police arrested people Stalin did not trust for no reason sometimes Western Europe countries constitutional monarchies or democracies Eastern Europe countries communist with Soviet control Warsaw Pact- Eastern European countries banned together NATO - Warsaw Pact did not trade or get along it was called the Cold War Cold War- political non-cooperation Cold War lasted almost 40 yrs. Each side afraid to go to war in fear of the nuclear weapons Chapter 13 Section 1 Life under communist rule was very difficult people were poor and had little say if any in the government Soviet government used propaganda (material designed to spread certain beliefs Soviet’s did not want the ethnic groups to breakaway from the rest of the country so they told them how good they had it and how every place else was a bad place to live Soviets controlled everything they killed religious leaders if they spoke out against the government They told the newspapers and book people what and how to print news stories Chapter 13 Section 1 All told the Soviet Union controlled all aspects of everyone's life. Private Property Rights- the right of individuals to own land and or industry Soviet Union promised wealth to all surrounding countries this did not happen people were forced to follow rules and fear was used to enforce these rules Khrushchev ruled from 1958-1964 and let the writers and citizens have a few freedoms he was deposed (removed from power) Prague Spring 1968 Czechoslovakia began to have more freedoms Soviet’s sent troops in to gain back the power Chapter 13 Section 1 Détente- lessening tension, between the members of NATO and Warsaw Pact By 1980’s economic conditions did not improve and Warsaw Pact countries wanted change Chapter 13 Section 2 Gorbachev- did not solve the problems and he released his grip on some of the other countries 1991 Soviet Union begins to fall apart Countries set up their own government and elected rulers Governments in the old Soviet Union are now parliament republics (a form of government led by the head of the political party with the most members in parliament (Prime Minister) Most of the countries have a president who has ceremonial power rather the political Chapter 13 Section 2 Coalition government- political parties joined together to form a government Change has been hard under Soviet rule people were poor and in the beginning of a new government will remain the same for a time Economies are changing from command economies to free-market economies Some countries make this change quick and are doing fine others have taken longer and are struggling even today Chapter 13 Section 2 These new countries do not have a military so they are trying to join NATO to help protect them Ethnic Cleansing- killing members of minority ethnic group Yugoslavia Serbs wanted to rule and they tried to Ethnic Cleans Yugoslavia NATO attacked the Bosnian Serbs and ended the war 1999 Milosevic who was behind the first ethnic cleansing tried it against the Albanians in Kosovo a region in Serbia NATO again stopped him and he was removed from office and tried for war crimes Chapter 13 Section 2 Russia is slowly gaining ground and their economy is slowly getting better They are free to practice their own religion and read what they want Crime has increased dramatically because people are still poor and starving Russia’s government is a democratic form of government They have a president and a legislature called a Duma People have prospered and some have fallen depending on their education and availability to power The economy will improve but it will take time Chapter 13 Section 3 European Union- (EU) Europe joined to help with trade Now former communist countries would like to join to help out their economies At one time each country had their own currency (system of money) Euro- currency now used by all of the countries Tariff- duty or fee that must be paid on imported or exported goods Each country use to charge a tariff to the other countries Chapter 13 Section 3 EU is trying to get the countries to share in each countries wealth This would increase their Standard of Living ( quality of life based on availability of goods and services) EU is also trying to help clean up the Eastern European Countries forests and manufacturing just to name a few Court of Human Rights- protects the rights of all its citizens in whichever member country they live in Chapter 14 Section 1 United Kingdom Official name is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Capital is London Four different political regions Scotland England Wales Northern Ireland British monarchy has ruled these regions for hundreds of years Government constitutional monarchy Chapter 14 Section 1 Government Monarch symbol of power Parliament is which has the power two parts House of Lords- made up of nobles House of Commons made up of elected officials and this is the most powerful Prime Minister leads the government from the House of Commons largest party Wales and Scotland have their own governing bodies now Chapter 14 Section 1 Northern Ireland is little different Irish Catholics have wanted Ireland to secede from Great Britain and the Irish Protestants do not want too Good Friday Accord agreement in 1998 to stop fights and the formed the Northern Ireland assembly which represent both the Catholics and the Protestants India and Canada former British colonies and their governments are model after Britain's government UK has coal, natural gas and oil to run their factories but has few other natural resources Many citizens make a living in mining or manufacturing UK also imports food and raw materials Chapter 14 Section 1 UK produces only about 2/3 of the food need to feed its population Chapter 14 Section 2 Sweden their government is a constitutional monarchy The monarch has ceremonial powers and cannot make laws just as the UK People are elected to four years terms in the Swedish parliament called the Riksdag Riksdag 349 members and the nominate the Prime Minster They also appoint a Ombudsmen Ombudsmen- protects citizens rights and make sure Swedish courts and civil service follow laws Government includes four parties Armed Neutrality- they have an army but do not take sides during wars Chapter 14 Section 2 Economy relies on privately owned businesses and international trade Exports many goods: Metals Minerals Wood Engineering and communication are the major industries 80% of the population live in urban areas near cities in the south Labor Force is highly educated and have a high standard of living Main source of energy is Hydroelectric power Chapter 14 Section 2 Acid Rain is a very big problem for Sweden and its neighbors it is killing the forests They are starting to clean up the economy and industries 90% are native Sweden's and are members of the Lutheran Church and they speak Swedish Skerries- small islands off the coast of Sweden Chapter 14 Section 3 Charles de Gaulle exiled to UK from France in 1940 during WWII Gaulle lead the French Resistance- spied on German activity and sometimes assassinated high-ranking German officers Frances government is a Parliamentary Republic Government power is split between president and parliament President elected to a 7 year term 2002 changed to 5 year term Chapter 14 Section 3 President duties include Guardian of the constitution Authorities do not abuse their power Parliament has two parts the Senate and the National Assembly President choose the Prime Minister who head parliament Government is very active in their economy After WWII France very poor they did a few things to stimulated their economy French government took over several different industries: banks, insurance, electric, coal, steel, schools, hospitals, transportation Chapter 14 Section 3 France calls this nationalism which is a form of Socialism Socialism- economic system in which some of the businesses and industries are controlled by the government France gets 75% of its power from nuclear power plants higher than any other nation in the world 7% of the labor work on farms France exports more agriculture goods than any other European community European community- an association developed after WWII to promote economies unity for Western Europe Impressionism- a style of art France culture is rich in arts and literature Chapter 14 Section 4 Germany is now the largest country in Europe West Germany helped out by US, UK and set-up democratic government and is the one of the wealthiest of the Europe countries East Germany helped out by the Soviet Union is poor it also had a communist government until the fall of the Berlin Wall Berlin Wall fell in 1989 and it liberated all of Eastern Germany and the other Soviet held countries East Germany was rebuilt called the Reunification Reunification- reuniting East and West Germany Chapter 14 Section 4 Reunification has caused problems between east (Ossies) and west (Wessies) Germany, West complains about paying to improve the east. East still complains about not having enough jobs Germany very proud of its music and literature Germany is also famous for building high quality machinery (cars) Chapter 14 Section 5 Poland was under communist rule until 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall Solidarity- trade unions joined this to unite all workers Poland received a new constitution in 1997 Government has two houses Upper house (Senate) of 100 members Lower House 460 members Lower House chooses the Prime Minister from the largest party 1990 Poland changed from Command economy to Free market economy Chapter 14 Section 5 Poland suffered at the start of a free market economy They could not compete with foreign made goods and businesses failed and people lost their jobs By 1999 business in Poland could compete with foreign goods A way to measure the strength of a counties economy is to look at consumer spending (if they are buying cars and things like that) Poland's writers were censored and many become dissidents Dissident- person who openly disagrees with a government policies Chapter 15 Section 1 North Africa and Southwest Asia receive little rainfall Water is mainly in oasis Fertile soil- productive soil that provides nutrients for plants to grow Three major rivers in North Africa Nile 4,000 miles longest river in the world Tigris Euphrates Chapter 15 Section1 Hunter-gathers: found food by hunting, fishing, and gathering wild grains, fruits and nuts Soil in North Africa and Southwest Asia is poor too sandy or too much salt The soil next to the rivers is the only fertile soil This soil is fertile because of the flooding which brings down fertile soil Irrigation is important to areas not near the rivers North Africa and Southwest Asia rely on Three major bodies of water Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Persian Gulf Chapter 15 Section 1 Turkey is one of the few areas in this region that receives rain Turkey has grasslands and forests Chapter 15 Section 2 Hammurabi- emperor of ancient Mesopotamia 1792-1750 bc Mesopotamia- land between rivers this area includes modern Iraq, northeast Syria, and part of southeast Turkey Fertile Crescent is called sometimes because of its shape and fertile soil Sumerians- first settlers of Mesopotamia they had three major challenges Chapter 15 Section 2 Challenges of City-States Protection they built strong high walls Lack of water so they built irrigation canals Trade it was difficult to trade they had to import a great deal of goods because they had little to build with City-States had ziggurat- temple built on a pyramid shape tower this was a guardian tower City-States had two rulers Priests who controlled religious and economic life King controlled political and military life Some Kings conquered other city-states and became emperors Chapter 15 Section 2 Class-system: society divided into different social groups Three classes Kings Priests and Wealthy property owners top class Middle class skilled workers, merchants, and farmers Bottom class slaves Cuneiform- Sumerians first system of writing Scribes- society’s record keepers the few who could read and write Chapter 15 Section 3 Egypt is covered with sand and the Nile river that runs through it is the only source of fertile area Nile river was the major source for transportation Egypt used the Nile River for filling canals to use for irrigation Papyrus- paper like material it is a plant Pyramids built as well as other temples and monuments used bricks from the sand and water Egyptians built pyramids for kings or pharaohs Hieroglyphics- writing system that uses pictographs to stand for words or sounds Chapter 15 Section 3 Re- living son god or a pharaoh Horus- sun god linked to the pharaoh These gods guided the people on their day-to-day activities and after life Chapter 15 Section 4 Jerusalem has three majors religions Jewish Christians Muslims Monotheism- belief in only one god Polytheism- belief in many gods Hebrew- god named Yahweh Yahweh talked to Abraham Abraham followers called Jews or Judaism Chapter 15 Section 4 Christians believed in Jesus called Christ Christianity- based on the life and teachings of Jesus Muhammad born in Mecca Muhammad founder of Islam Muslim- a person that believes in Islam Qur’an- sacred text of Islam Chapter 15 Section 5 Five Pillars of Islam: 1st Stating that there is only one God, and that Muhammad is God’s prophet 2nd Praying five times a day in the direction of Mecca 3rd Giving to the poor and needy 4th Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5th Making a pilgrimage or haj to Mecca Caliph- chosen to continue Muhammad’s work Theocracy- government rules by a religious leader founded by the Caliph Islamic people translated a great number books Chapter 15 Section 5 Ottoman Empire- Muslim’s that controlled what is now Turkey and parts of North Africa, Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe Constantinople- (Istanbul) Turkey its capital Sultans- Ottoman Empire rulers Janissaries- special group of soldiers loyal to the sultans 1924 Ottoman lost its power
