Download Bismarck Unites Germany {continued}

Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789-1900
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, nationalist revolutions sweep through Latin America and
Europe. Bold new movements emerge in the arts.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789-1900
SECTION 1
Latin American Peoples Win Independence
SECTION 2
Europe Faces Revolutions
SECTION 3
CASE STUDY: Nationalism
SECTION 4
Revolutions in the Arts
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-1
Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas, peoples in Latin America fight colonial rule.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-1
Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Colonial Society Divided
A Race and Class System
• Latin America has social classes that determine jobs and authority:
•
•
Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial government,
society
Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can become army
officers
•Mestizos have both European and Indian
ancestry
•
Mulattos—Have both European and African ancestry
•Slaves, Indians are at the bottom of society
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Revolutions in the Americas
Revolution in Haiti
• Haiti is first Latin American territory to
gain freedom
• Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt
against French (1791)
• Toussaint eventually dies in French prison in 1803
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Revolutions in the Americas
Haiti’s Independence
•
•
•
•
First black colony to gain independence
Successful slave revolt
Changed society
Changed government
It was largely not beneficial to the people. The government started a type of
serfdom that was basically slavery all over again.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Creoles Lead Independence
The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
• Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American
revolutionaries
• How did they learn about Enlightenment?
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Creoles Lead Independence
Creole Leaders
• Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole
leads Venezuela in revolution
• José de San Martín—leader of
Argentinean revolutionary forces
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Creoles Lead Independence {continued}
Bolívar’s Route to Victory
•Venezuela declares
independence in 1811;
Bolívar wins war by 1821
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Creoles Lead Independence {continued}
San Martín Leads Southern
Liberation Forces
•Argentina independent in
1816; San Martín helps free
Chile
•Bolívar’s and San Martín’s
armies drive Spanish out of
Peru in 1824
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos
were Mexican Revolutionary Leaders
A Cry for Freedom
• Padre Miguel Hidalgo —priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810)
• 80,000 Indian and mestizo followers march on Mexico City
• José María Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses
Mexico’s Independence
• Mexican creoles react; Iturbide declares Mexico independent (1821)
• In 1823, Central America breaks away from Mexico
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Brazil
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
A Bloodless Revolution
• Napoleon invades Portugal; royal family
moves to Brazil (1807)
• Portuguese court returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat (1815)
•Portuguese prince Dom Pedro
stays behind in Brazil
-accepts Brazilians’ request to rule their new country
-officially declares Brazil’s independence (September 1822)
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
By 1830, nearly all Latin
American regions win
independence
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-2
Europe Faces Revolutions
Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Europe Faces Revolutions
Section-2
Crash of Philosophies
Three Philosophies (these are not the same philosophies as today)
• In early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe
• Conservative—landowners, nobles want
traditional monarchies
• Liberal—wealthy merchants, business owners
want limited democracy
• Radical—believe in liberty, equality; want
everyone to have a vote
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Chapter 8
Nationalism Develops
Nationalism and Nation-States
• Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with
common culture, history
• Nation-state—nation with its own independent
government
• In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain
are nation-states
• Liberals and radicals support nationalism;
conservatives do not
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Chapter 8
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greeks Gain Independence
• Balkans—region of Europe controlled by
Ottomans in early 1800s
• Greece gets European help to gain
independence from Turks
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
1830s Uprisings Crushed
•Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals
and nationalists launch revolts
•By the mid-1830s, conservatives
are back in control
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Chapter 8
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
•Ethnic uprisings in Europe,
especially in the Austrian empire
•Liberals hold power for short time,
lose to conservatives by 1849
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Radicals Change France
The French are totally crazy
Conservative Defeat
• In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy
The Third Republic
• In 1848, Paris mob overthrows monarchy, sets up republic
• Radicals split by infighting; moderates control new government
• 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament
France Accepts a Strong Ruler: 1848
• Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s
nephew—elected president
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• Later takes the title of emperor, promotes industrialization
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Reform in
Russia
Serfdom in Russia
• Czars fail to free serfs because they fear losing landowners’ support
Defeat Brings Change
• Russia’s lack of industrialization leads to military defeat in Crimean War
•
Alexander II—czar who determines to
make social and economic changes
• Alexander sold Alaska to the United States in 1867
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Chapter 8
Reform in
Russia
Alexander II—czar who emancipated the serfs
Reform and Reaction
• In 1861, czar frees serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land
• Reform halts when Alexander is assassinated by terrorists in 1881
Alexander III – tried to control all
those against the government.
Driven by nationalism, Alexander III
encourages industrialization.
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-3
Nationalism
CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany
Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe.
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Chapter 8
Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany
Two Views of Nationalism
• Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states
• Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects
-Three different types of nationalist movements:
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
• Austria includes people from many
ethnic groups
• 1866 defeat forces emperor to split
empire into Austria and Hungary
-still ruled by emperor
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Russian Empire Crumbles
•After 370 years, Russian czars
begin losing control over empire
• Russification—forcing other
peoples to adopt Russian culture
policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires {continued}
The Ottoman Empire Weakens
• Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire
• Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Cavour Unites Italy
Cavour Leads Italian Unification
• Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of kingdom of Sardinia in 1852
•King of Sardinia: King Victor Emmanuel II
• Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Cavour Unites Italy
Garibaldi Brings Unity
• Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists
who conquer southern Italy
• Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia
• Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King Victor Emmanuel II to rule
• Control of Venetia, Papal States finally unites Italy
•Italy declared united in 1870
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Chapter 8
Bismarck Unites Germany
Prussia Leads German Unification
• Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany:
-mainly German population
--creation of liberal constitution
• powerful army
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Chapter 8
Bismarck Unites Germany {continued}
Bismarck Takes Control
• Junkers—conservative wealthy
landowners—support Prussian
Wilhelm I
•Junker realpolitik master Otto von
Bismarck becomes prime minister
• Realpolitik—power politics without
room for idealism
•Bismarck defies Prussian parliament
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Chapter 8
Bismarck Unites Germany {continued}
Prussia Expands
•Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain
two provinces
•Quick victory makes other German
nations respect Prussia
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Chapter 8
Bismarck Unites Germany {continued}
Seven Weeks’ War: Prussia versus Austria
• Prussia Wins
• Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war
• Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany
• Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Bismarck Unites Germany {continued}
The Franco-Prussian War: Prussia wins again
• Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans
• Captures French army and Emperor Napoleon III
•Wilhelm is crowned kaiser—emperor of a
united Germany—at Versailles
•1871: Germany is declared united
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
A Shift in Power
Balance Is Lost
• In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:
- Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia
• By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
• Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
Section-4
Revolutions in the Art
Artistic and intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800s.
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Chapter 8
The Romantic Movement
Section-4
Revolutions in the Arts
The Ideas of Romanticism
Romanticism—interest in nature;
preferring emotion, individuality
•Fantasy
•
• Romanticism linked to folk traditions and nationalism
Romanticism in Literature
•
•
•
•
Poetry, music, and painting are the arts best suited to romanticism
Many British romantic poets believe nature is the source of beauty
Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a great early romanticist
A leading French romanticist writer is Victor Hugo
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
The Romantic Movement {continued}
The Gothic Novel
• Gothic horror novels taking place in medieval castles become popular
• One of the earliest and most successful is Frankenstein
Composers Emphasize Emotion
• Composers abandon Enlightenment style of music
• Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from Enlightenment to romanticism
• Some composers draw on literature or cultural themes
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Chapter 8
The Shift to Realism in the Arts
Realism
• Realism—art style attempting to depict
life accurately (common people doing
common things)
•Paintings and novels in this style show
the working class
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Impressionists React Against Realism
A New Movement
• Impressionism—Portray the effect
of light on landscapes and buildings
•Starts off with something real, but
turns it into fantasy
Chapter 8
Life in the Moment
• Impressionists like Claude Monet portray life of rising middle class
• Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also leading impressionists
• Impressionist composers use music to create mental pictures
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The Lion Hunt
Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
The Stone Breakers
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Chapter 8
Ducal palace, Venice
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Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
Washington Crossing the Delaware
1851) (detail) Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York. By Emanuel Gottlieb
Leutze
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The Lady of Shalott (1888)
Tate
Collection,
London.
Modern
World History:
Patterns of Interaction
By John William Waterhouse
Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
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The Gleaners
Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
Monet: The Haystacks
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Chapter 8
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Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction
Chapter 8
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