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CHAPTER 2 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS Early Civilizations Contents Chapter Focus Section 1 The Nile Valley Section 2 The Fertile Crescent Section 3 Early South Asia Section 4 Early China Chapter Review Click on a hyperlink to go to the corresponding content area. Press the ESC (escape) key at any time to exit the presentation. Early Civilizations Chapter Focus Chapter Themes • Relation to Environment The Egyptians learn to control the floodwaters of the Nile River upon which their agriculture relies. (Section 1) • Cooperation The peoples of the Fertile Crescent work together to build irrigation systems and cities. (Section 2) • Cultural Diffusion Cities in early India develop close trading and cultural ties with the Fertile Crescent area. (Section 3) • Innovation Early Chinese civilization excels in metal-casting skills. (Section 4) Early Civilizations Chapter Focus Chapter Focus Transparency The next slide is an illustration of the tomb of Seti I. Chapter Focus Transparency 2 End of Chapter Focus Click the mouse button to return to the Contents. Early Civilizations The Nile Valley Section 1 1 of 23 Setting the Scene • Terms to Define monarchy, dynasty, theocracy, bureaucracy, pharaoh, empire, polytheism, hieroglyphics • People to Meet Narmer, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaton, Ramses II • Places to Locate Nile River valley, Memphis, Thebes Why was Egypt called the “gift of the Nile”? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 2 of 23 Introduction • One of the world’s first civilizations developed along the Nile River valley in northeastern Africa. • The Nile River valley’s early inhabitants called the land Kemet, meaning “black land,” after the dark soil. • Later, the ancient Greeks would name the Nile area Egypt. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 3 of 23 A River Valley and Its People • Egypt receives very little rain, so the Nile is the lifeline for the region. • At 4,160 miles in length, the Nile River is the world’s longest river. • The Nile splits into many branches, forming a marshy, fan-shaped delta before emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 4 of 23 The Gifts of the River • Annual flooding of the Nile deposited thick layers of silt to nearby land, which made this area extremely productive agriculturally. • Nomadic hunter-gatherers of northeastern Africa began to settle near the Nile as early as 5000 B.C. • The early Egyptians harvested papyrus that grew wild along the banks of the Nile. The long, thin reeds of papyrus were used to make rope, matting, sandals, baskets, and later on, sheets of paperlike writing material. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 5 of 23 Uniting Egypt • In time, farming villages by the Nile became organized into small kingdoms, or monarchies, under the unrestricted rule of a king. • By 4000 B.C., ancient Egypt consisted of two kingdoms, Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. • Around 3000 B.C. Narmer, a king of Upper Egypt, gathered forces and led them north to conquer Lower Egypt. • He built a capital city at Memphis, near the former border of the two kingdoms. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 6 of 23 Uniting Egypt (cont.) • Narmer’s reign became the first Egyptian dynasty, or line of rulers from one family. • From 3000 B.C. until 332 B.C., a series of 30 dynasties ruled Egypt. These are organized into three periods: –The Old Kingdom 2700 B.C.–2200 B.C. –The Middle Kingdom 2050 B.C.–1800 B.C. –The New Kingdom 1600 B.C.–332 B.C. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Map Supplement Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 7 of 23 The Old Kingdom • During the first centuries of the unified kingdom, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt kept their separate identities as kingdoms. • In time, Egypt built a strong national government under its kings and developed the basic features of its civilization. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 8 of 23 The Egyptian Monarchy • Controlled from Memphis, Egypt had a theocracy, or a government in which the same person is both the religious and political leader. • The god-king delegated many responsibilities to a bureaucracy, a group of government officials headed by the king’s vizier, or prime minister. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 9 of 23 The Pyramids: A Lasting Legacy • To honor their god-kings and to provide them with an eternal place of rest, the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built lasting monuments–the Pyramids. • Believing that a king’s soul continued to guide the kingdom after death, the Egyptians included personal possesions next to the embalmed, mummified body in the king’s burial chamber. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 10 of 23 The Middle Kingdom • Kings in Memphis began to lose their power around 2200 B.C. as ambitious nobles fought each other for control of Egypt. • Around 2050 B.C. a new dynasty reunited Egypt and moved the capital south to Thebes. • During this Middle Kingdom period, Egypt enjoyed greatly increased trade, worked on irrigation projects, and seized new territory. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 11 of 23 The Middle Kingdom (cont.) • In the 1700s B.C. local leaders began to challenge the Theban kings’ power. • At the same time, Egypt was facing an invasion by the Hyksos, a people from western Asia. • With bronze weapons and horse-drawn chariots, the Hyksos defeated the Egyptians and established a new dynasty that would last for about 110 years. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 12 of 23 The New Kingdom • The Egyptians despised their Hyksos masters. • Around 1600 B.C. Ahmose, an Egyptian prince, raised an army and drove the Hyksos out. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 13 of 23 Pharaohs Rule and Empire • Ahmose founded a new dynasty, the first of the New Kingdom, and assumed the title pharaoh, an Egyptian word meaning “great house of the king.” • Queen Hatshepsut came to power around 1480 B.C., followed by her stepson Thutmose III. By the end of his reign, he had created an Egyptian empire. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 14 of 23 Akhenaton Founds a Religion • Amenhotep IV assumed leadership about 1370 B.C. and declared that Egyptians should only worship Aton, the sun god. This caused turmoil among the people, who believed in many deities. • Claiming to be Aton’s equal, Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton. • Akhenaton moved the capital from Thebes to a new city in central Egypt. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 15 of 23 Akhenaton Founds a Religion (cont.) • After Akhenaton’s death, the priests restored the old religion. • They made Akhenaton’s successor, Tutankhamen, move the capital back to Thebes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 16 of 23 Recovery and Decline • During the 1200s B.C. pharaohs, including Ramses II, or Ramses the Great, successfully worked to restore Egyptian prestige. • After the death of Ramses II in 1237 B.C., Egypt weakened due to increasing invasions, and in 945 B.C. it fell under foreign rule. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 17 of 23 Life in Ancient Egypt • At its height Egypt had 5 million people. • Egyptian society was divided into classes, although ambitious lower-class people could improve their status somewhat. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 18 of 23 Levels of Egyptian Society Class Professions upper class royalty, nobles, and priests middle class artisans, scribes, merchants, and tax collectors lower class farmers and servants Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 19 of 23 Egyptian Families • Upper-class families were nuclear, whereas lower-class families also included gradparents and other relatives. • The status of Egyptian women improved over time. Eventually women could own property, testify in court, and start legal proceedings. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 20 of 23 Worshiping Many Deities • Religion was based on polytheism, or the worship of many deities, and guided every aspect of life. • Religion also stressed an afterlife, so Egyptians devoted much time and wealth to preparing for survival in the next world. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 21 of 23 Writing With Pictures • In their earliest writing system, called hieroglyphics, the Egyptians carved picture symbols onto pieces of slate. • For everyday business, the Egyptians used a cursive script known as hieratic, which simplified and connected the picture symbols. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 22 of 23 Achievements in Science • Pyramids, temples, and other monuments bear witness to architectural achievements of Egyptian artisans. • These feats would not have been possible without advances in disciplines such as mathematics. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Lecture Notes 23 of 23 Achievements in Science (cont.) • The Egyptians developed a number system that enabled them to calculate area and volume, and they worked out an accurate 365-day calendar. • Other ancient civilizations would acquire much of the Egyptians’ knowledge, especially in medicine. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Review Compare the reigns of Ahmose, Hatshepsut, and Thutmose III. Which reign do you think contributed most to Egypt? Why? All three made significant contributions: – Ahmose drove the Hyksos out of Egypt. – Hatshepsut was a female pharaoh who carried out extensive building projects. – Thutmose III developed an empire. End of Section 1 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. Early Civilizations The Fertile Crescent Section 2 1 of 22 Setting the Scene • Terms to Define city-state, cuneiform • People to Meet the Sumerians, Sargon I, the Akkadians, Hammurabi • Places to Locate Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers How did Sumer’s achievements enrich the early culture of the Middle East? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Early Civilizations Introduction Section 2 Lecture Notes • Around 5000 B.C. migrants from the Arabian Peninsula and the highlands near present-day Turkey began moving into an area called the Fertile Crescent, a fertile strip of land stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. • Many of these migrants settled in Mesopotamia, the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent. • Mesopotamia, meaning “land between the rivers,” was located on the low plain between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present-day Iraq. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. 2 of 22 Early Civilizations Map Supplement Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 3 of 22 The Twin Rivers • The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers did not provide a regular supply of water; flooding and drought were unpredictable. • To control flooding and provide irrigation, Mesopotamian villages were forced to work together. • By 4000 B.C., Mesopotamian farmers were producing food, especially grain crops, in abundance. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 4 of 22 The Sumerian Civilization • Around 3500 B.C. a people from either central Asia or Asia Minor–the Sumerians–settled in the lower part of the Tigris-Euphrates river valley, known as Sumer. • Sumer became the birthplace of what historians have considered the world’s first cities. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 5 of 22 The Sumerian City-States • By 3000 B.C., the Sumerians had formed 12 city-states in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, including Ur, Uruk, and Eridu. • A typical city-state consisted of the city and the land around it. • The population of each city-state ranged from 20,000 to 250,000. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 6 of 22 The Sumerian City-States (cont.) • The people of Sumer shared a common culture, language, and religion. • City-states also shared some physical features, such as a ziggurat, or temple, that rose above each city in a pyramid fashion. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 7 of 22 Sumerian Government • Each city-state, under normal circumstances, governed itself. • When facing threats such as invaders or scarce resources, the people typically chose a military leader from among themselves. • By 2700 B.C., several city-states had kings and soon the kingships would be hereditary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 8 of 22 Sumerian Government (cont.) • A Sumerian king was not only the military commander but also the high priest. • Therefore, most governments in Sumer were not only monarchies but theocracies as well. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 9 of 22 The Roles of Men and Women • Family life was extensively controlled under Sumerian law. • Men exercised great authority over their wives and children, including the right to sell them into slavery in order to pay a debt. • Women were permitted to own property, run businesses, and own and sell slaves. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 10 of 22 Writing on Clay Tablets • Cuneiform, the Sumerian system of writing, consisted of hundreds of wedge-shaped markings that were pressed into wet clay tablets. • Scribes, professionals who actually recorded cuneiform, studied for many years and often rose to high positions in society. • Business records, lists of important dates, and literary works such as Gilgamesh–perhaps the oldest story in the world–have survived in cuneiform. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes Sumer’s Many Deities 11 of 22 • Like the Egyptians, Sumerians practiced a polytheistic religion, with each deity presiding over a specific natural force. • An, the highest Sumerian deity, had responsibility for the seasons. • Each city-state adopted a main deity whom its citizens worshiped. • To appease their temperamental gods and goddesses, Sumerian priests and priestesses performed religious ceremonies and rituals. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 12 of 22 Sumerian Inventions • Sumerians developed. . . – the wagon wheel to better transport goods and people. – the arch to make buildings stronger. – the potter’s wheel to shape containers. – a number system based on 60. – a 12-month calendar based on the cycles of the moon. – bronze, which is made from copper and tin. – a metal plow. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 13 of 22 First Mesopotamian Empires • After a long period of conquest, the Sumerian city-states eventually fell to foreign invaders in the 2000s B.C. • These invaders were inspired by dreams of empire. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 14 of 22 Sargon Leads the Akkadians • The first empire builder in Mesopotamia was Sargon I. • His people, the Akkadians, were nomadic Semites who had migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to the Fertile Crescent around 5000 B.C. and established a kingdom called Akkad in northern Mesopotamia. • Sargon I assumed power in Akkad around 2300 B.C. and immediately launched a huge military campaign of expansion. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 15 of 22 Sargon Leads the Akkadians (cont.) • Sargon’s conquests united all of the city-states of Mesopotamia into one empire. • Under Sargon’s rule, the people of Mesopotamia began to use the Akkadian language instead of Sumerian. However, the Akkadians adopted various Sumerian religious and farming practices. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 16 of 22 The Kingdom of Ebla • Ebla, on the trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia, was a very wealthy and powerful city-state. • Ebla controlled and demanded a tribute from a number of neighboring towns. • Kings of Ebla were elected for seven-year terms, and a council could remove them if they failed in their jobs. • The Amorites, a Semitic people from western Syria, destroyed Ebla sometime around 2000 B.C. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes Hammurabi’s Babylonian Empire 17 of 22 • The Amorites expanded into Mesopotamia and set up dynasties in many of the Sumer citystates. • Hammurabi, a ruler who would dominate Mesopotamia, rose out of the dynasty in Babylon. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 18 of 22 Hammurabi’s Babylonian Empire (cont.) • Hammurabi organized a strong government and eventually brought the entire region under his control. • Under his rule, traders from as far away as India and China paid gold and silver for Babylonian grain and cloth. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 19 of 22 Hammurabi’s Law Code • Historians consider Hammurabi’s greatest achievement his effort “to make justice appear in the land.” • He created Hammurabi’s code–a code of law that consisted of 282 sections dealing with most aspects of daily life. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 20 of 22 Hammurabi’s Law Code (cont.) • These laws clearly stated violations and punishments. • Instead of fining violators, the code exacted “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” • Government assumed the responsibility of protecting its citizens in exchange for loyalty and service. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 21 of 22 Babylonian Society • Babylonian society was broken into three classes. – top – middle – bottom kings, priests, and nobles artisans, merchants, scribes, and farmers slaves • Laws were applied differently according to the class of the person offended against. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Lecture Notes 22 of 22 Decline and Fall • After Hammurabi’s death, the Babylonian Empire declined. It was eventually taken over by the Hittites, a people from Asia Minor, around 1600 B.C. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Review Contrast Hammurabi’s code with earlier Sumerian law. Which do you think served justice better? Explain. Hammurabi’s code was more severe. Sumerian law fined wrongdoers; Hammurabi’s code extracted “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” End of Section 2 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. Early Civilizations Early South Asia Section 3 1 of 11 Setting the Scene • Terms to Define subcontinent, monsoon • People to Meet the Harappans • Places to Locate Indus River valley, Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro How did people of the Indus River valley civilization build cities? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 2 of 11 Introduction • A third civilization, larger than both Egypt and Sumer, arose in the Indus River valley in South Asia. • It reached its height between 2500 B.C. and 1500 B.C. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 3 of 11 The Subcontinent • Three modern nations–India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh–trace their roots to the Indus Valley civilization. • These nations lie on the subcontinent of South Asia, a large, triangular-shaped landmass that juts into the Indian Ocean. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 4 of 11 Bounded by Mountains • The Himalayas and the Hindu Kush mountain ranges separate the South Asian subcontinent from the heart of Asia. • Throughout history, invaders entering the subcontinent by land have had to cross the few high mountain passes of the Hindu Kush to get to the fertile plains at their southern base. • Three major rivers flow across the wide plains of South Asia–the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra Rivers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 5 of 11 Seasonal Winds • Cold air masses from the north are blocked by the mountains, leaving the weather mild in South Asia. • Two seasonal winds called monsoons affect the region. The northeast, or winter, monsoon blows from November to March; and the southwest, or summer, monsoon from June to September. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Map Supplement Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 6 of 11 The Indus Valley Civilization • Less than a century ago, archaelogists identified an ancient civilization in South Asia. • They dated this civilization to about 2500 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. B.C. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 7 of 11 Centrally Planned Cities • The Harappan civilization had at least two major cities along the Indus River: – Harappa, located in present-day Pakistan – Mohenjo-Daro, located near the Arabian Sea • The ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are excellent examples of urban planning. • A citadel was built on a brick platform overlooking each city. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 8 of 11 Centrally Planned Cities (cont.) • Streets were skillfully laid out in a grid pattern of straight streets crossing each other at right angles. • The Harappans used oven-baked bricks to build houses; some were several stories high. • Almost every house had a bathroom with drains and chutes connected to a sewer system under the streets. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 9 of 11 Harappan Life • Most Harappans were farmers who, by creating a food surplus, allowed city dwellers to engage in industry and commerce. • Trade was established with Mesopotamia as early as 2300 B.C. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 10 of 11 Language and Religion • There is a lack of surviving written records from the Harappan civilization, leaving artifacts as the only true clues. • Animal and humanlike figures suggest that the Harappans worshiped gods associated with natural forces. • By 1500 B.C., the Harappan civilization had vanished, possibly from floods or invaders. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Lecture Notes 11 of 11 Collapse of a Civilization • By 1500 B.C., the Harappan civilization had vanished. • Historians theorize that possibly floods or invaders caused this collapse. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Review What do archaeological clues suggest about the decline and collapse of the Indus Valley civilization? Historians theorize that destructive natural disasters such as a flood caused the collapse. At Mohenjo-Daro there are signs of a violent end. End of Section 3 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. Early Civilizations Early China Section 4 1 of 11 Setting the Scene • Terms to Define mandate • People to Meet Yu the Great • Places to Locate Huang He valley, Anyang What were the major contributions of early Chinese civilization? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes 2 of 11 Introduction • For many centuries the Chinese lived in relative isolation and saw themselves as the center of the world. • The lack of outside contacts allowed the Chinese to develop one culture across many regions and a strong sense of national unity as well. • China has the oldest continuous civilization in the world. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes China’s Geography 3 of 11 • China’s varied geography has affected its historical development. • Mountains, which make up about one-third of China’s area, hindered cultural diffusion both into and out of China. • On the east, China’s coastline touches the Pacific Ocean. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes China’s Geography (cont.) 4 of 11 • Eastern China contains a number of fertile river valleys and plains with three major rivers: – Huang He (Yellow River) – Chang Jiang (Yangtze) – Xi Jiang (West River) • A favorable climate, plenty of rainfall, and fertile soil made the North China Plain a very successful farming area. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes 5 of 11 The Shang Dynasty • Very little is known about the origins of Chinese civilization. • Neolithic finds dated to earlier than 5000 B.C. make it clear that the Huang He Valley invited settlement from very early times. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes 6 of 11 Chinese Myths • The Chinese developed many myths to explain the past. • Pan Gu, according to myth, hatched the universe from an egg. • Also according to myth, Yu the Great, a miraculous engineer, founded China’s first dynasty–the Xia–around 2000 B.C. • The first dynasty to be dated from written records in China is the Shang, which ruled from about 1700 B.C. to 1000 B.C. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes 7 of 11 Early Religion • Shang kings were also high priests and, as in many other early civilizations, were responsible for both government and religious affairs. • They communicated with ancestors or predicted the future by having priests interpret oracle bones. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes 8 of 11 Important Achievements • The Shang priests who wrote on the oracle bones used a script with many characters. • These characters represented objects, ideas, or sounds and were written in vertical columns. • This script grew into numerous characters that were hard to memorize; therefore, few people in ancient China could read or write. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes 9 of 11 Important Achievements (cont.) • The Chinese had mastered bronze, pottery, and silk weaving. • The Chinese built their first cities under the Shang dynasty, and archaeologists have identified seven capital cities, including Anyang. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes 10 of 11 Expansion and Decline • Shang kings, with superior weapons, eventually took over much of the Huang He valley. • The Shang dynasty lacked strong leaders and, in time, became weak. • Around 1000 B.C., Wu, the ruler of a former Shang territory in the northwest, killed the Shang king and established a new dynasty, known as the Zhou, which lasted for 800 years. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Lecture Notes 11 of 11 Many Centuries of Dynasties • The Chinese believed that their rulers governed through a principle known as the Mandate of Heaven. • If their rulers were just and effective, they received a mandate, or authority to rule, from heaven. • If rulers did not govern properly, they lost the mandate to someone else. • The Mandate of Heaven first appeared during the Zhou dynasty. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Review Explain the basic features of the Chinese writing system as it developed in early times. How widespread was the use of this method of writing in China under the early dynasties? The Chinese writing system consisted of many characters representing objects, ideas, or sounds. It was very complex and was written in vertical columns. Because of the complexity, very few people in ancient China could read or write. End of Section 4 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 1 of 9 What clues do artifacts found in the ruins at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro provide about the Harappan religion? Artifacts suggest that Harappan deities were associated with natural forces. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 2 of 9 How did the powers of the Egyptian kings differ from those of the Shang kings? How were their powers the same? Egyptian kings were regarded as gods, while Shang kings were not. Both were political and religious leaders, and both performed ritual acts to benefit their people. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 3 of 9 What reaction would you have had to Akhenaton’s reforms if you had been a priest of Amon-Ra? You probably would have resented the loss of power. Akhenaton made worshiping Aton the official religion, replacing Amon-Ra. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 4 of 9 What do you think might have happened if the Sumerians had never invented cuneiform? Writing had a great effect on Sumerian culture. The Sumerians were able to keep records, record their history, and send reliable messages over long distances. If they had not invented cuneiform, their culture would not have been as strong as it was. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 5 of 9 What flood-control methods of the ancient Egyptians and other river valley civilizations are still in use today? Dams, canals, and reservoirs originated with the ancient civilizations and are still used today. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 6 of 9 In what areas of city life today is cooperation as important as it was when the Sumerians built the earliest cities? There are a number of ways that cooperation is still a large part of city life, including building and maintaining public buildings and areas; and fighting societal problems such as crime, poverty, and drugs. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 7 of 9 What advances in the twentieth century have made cultural diffusion easier and faster than in ancient times? Anything that allows humans to move or communicate faster aids in cultural diffusion. Telecommunications equipment, such as computers, and jet travel both aid cultural diffusion. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 8 of 9 Why would you consider each of the following developments in ancient China an innovation: a writing script with many characters, bronze vessels and tools, and pottery? A writing script: some characters represented sounds, unlike cuneiform. Bronze use: Chinese metal-casting skills were superior to those of other civilizations. Pottery: artisans used a fine white clay called kaolin. Early Civilizations Chapter Review 9 of 9 Chapter Bonus Question What factors can lead to the decline or fall of a civilization or dynasty? Weak rulers, foreign invasion, natural disasters, and climate changes that affect agricultural production can all lead to the demise of a ruling family or civilization. End of Chapter Review Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. Early Civilizations Historical Significance 1 of 2 In what ways were each of the early civilizations unique? How were they different? Each civilization had unique features: Egypt, pyramids; Sumer, irrigation; Indus River valley, urban planning; China, metal casting. They differed depending on climate, topography, and traditions. Early Civilizations Historical Significance 2 of 2 How did the river valley civilizations lay the foundations for the global civilization that we know today? All of the early civilizations contributed to the growth of cities, government, literacy, and technology–keys to the rise of a global civilization. Early Civilizations Chapter 2 Disc 1 Side A Use the MindJogger videoquiz as a preview, review, or both. Click the Videodisc button to play the MindJogger video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Early Civilizations Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi Side 1 Chapter 4 Click the Videodisc button anytime throughout this section to play the complete video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. Click inside this box to play the preview. Click the Forward button to view the discussion questions and other related slides. Early Civilizations Side 1 Chapter 4 Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi Objectives • Identify the importance of a system of laws to any society. • Explain the functions of laws in a society. • Recognize the issues dealt with by the Hammurabi code and law codes that have followed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the next objective. Early Civilizations Side 1 Chapter 4 Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi Discussion What are some of the functions of laws in a society? Laws establish the individual’s rights and duties, as well as penalties for those who fail to uphold the law. Early Civilizations Side 1 Chapter 4 Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi Discussion What are some of the civil issues Hammurabi’s code dealt with? What are some of the criminal issues the code dealt with? Civil issues included taxes, trade, and marriage. Criminal issues included theft and murder. Early Civilizations Side 1 Chapter 4 Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi Discussion Justice and law are often symbolized by a blindfolded woman holding scales. What do the scales and blindfold symbolize? The scales symbolize a system in which matters such as evidence and testimony are carefully weighed in reaching a just decision. The blindfold signifies that justice is “blind” to such matters as social status and ethnic background. Early Civilizations Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi Events of the Period c. 2000 B.C. Epic of Gilgamesh is written. c. 2000 B.C. Ice cream is invented in China. c. 2000 B.C. The Hittites come to power in Asia Minor. c. 1900 B.C. The first metal money is used. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the next event. Early Civilizations Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi Events of the Period c. 1800 B.C. c. 1800 B.C. The Story of Sinuhe appears in manuscript in Egypt. The main ring of Stonehenge is erected in England. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the next event. Early Civilizations Turning Points in World History The Code of Hammurabi Fact Files Who Was Hammurabi? End of Babylonian Empire What is the Code of Hammurabi? Elements of the Code of Hammurabi (Frames 14489) (Frame 14491) (Frame 14492) (Frame 14494) Maps Babylonia ca. 1800 B.C. Click on a hyperlink to go to the related fact file or map. (Frame 14488) Early Civilizations FACT FILE: Turning Points in World History Who was Hammurabi? Hammurabi was a descendant of the Amorites. Hammurabi was king of the Babylonian Empire from 1792 B.C. until 1750 B.C. He revised the laws of the Mesopotamian region into one code to govern the land. He instilled strict laws, created a new tax system, and promoted trade. Early Civilizations FACT FILE: Turning Points in World History End of Babylonian Empire Hammurabi’s empire ended when the Hittites invaded Babylon in the 1600s B.C. Early Civilizations FACT FILE: Turning Points in World History What is the Code of Hammurabi? The Code of Hammurabi is a compilation of laws that addressed all aspects of life. Within the code, violations of these laws were stated and severe punishments were assigned. Early Civilizations FACT FILE: Turning Points in World History Elements of the Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi dealt with most aspects of daily life, including the protection of women from mistreatment, property, loans, adoption, and inheritance. Early Civilizations MAP: End of ABCNews InterActive™ Turning Points in World History Click the mouse button to return to the presentation. Early Civilizations Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Presentation Plus! Web site. At this site, you will find a complete list of Web sites correlated with the chapters in the Glencoe World History: The Human Experience textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.glencoe.com/worldhistory/cyberlinks Early Civilizations Regional Maps: United States North America Central America The Caribbean South America Africa Europe The Middle East Northern Asia Southern Asia South Pacific and Australia Mapping History Overlay: Transparency Set 1 Transparency Set 2 Transparency Set 3 Special Purpose Maps: World Land Use World Climates The Hemispheres Click on a hyperlink to display the corresponding map. Early Civilizations United States Reference Atlas Early Civilizations North America Reference Atlas Early Civilizations Central America Reference Atlas Early Civilizations The Caribbean Reference Atlas Early Civilizations South America Reference Atlas Early Civilizations Africa Reference Atlas Early Civilizations Europe Reference Atlas Early Civilizations The Middle East Reference Atlas Early Civilizations Northern Asia Reference Atlas Early Civilizations Southern Asia Reference Atlas Early Civilizations South Pacific and Australia Reference Atlas Early Civilizations World Land Use Reference Atlas Early Civilizations World Climates Reference Atlas Early Civilizations The Hemispheres Reference Atlas 1 River Valley Civilizations, 3500 B.C. to 1500 B.C. (1 of 3) 1A Nile River and Tigris–Euphrates Valleys (2 of 3) 1B Indus River and Huang He Valleys (3 of 3) 2 Ancient Egypt (1 of 4) 2A Old Kingdom (2 of 4) 2B Middle Kingdom (3 of 4) 2C New Kingdom (4 of 4) 3 Ancient India and Ancient China (1 of 3) 3A Indus River Valley Civilization, 2500–1700 B.C. (2 of 3) 3B Shang Dynasty, 1700–1000 B.C. (3 of 3) Section Focus Transparency 2-1 (1 of 2) 1. Khufu 2. Washington Monument 3. 346’ (105m) Section Focus Transparency 2-1 (2 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 2-2 (1 of 2) 1. bricks 2. There was no wood in the area; steel had not yet been invented. 3. at the top of the structure 4. to get it as close as possible to the sky, where the people believed the gods lived Section Focus Transparency 2-2 (2 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 2-3 (1 of 2) 1. July 2. June through August or September 3. about 20” (51 cm) Section Focus Transparency 2-3 (2 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 2-4 (1 of 2) 1. Wu 2. c. 1700 B.C. 3. Xia Section Focus Transparency 2-4 (2 of 2) Early Civilizations Chapter Time Line c. 5000 B.C. Hunter-gatherers migrate to the Nile River valley. c. 3100 B.C. The Sumerians invent cuneiform. c. 2500 B.C. Harappan civilization begins. c. 1700 B.C. Shang dynasty begins. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 1 Time Line c. 3000 B.C. King Narmer unifies Egypt. c. 1700s B.C. The Hyksos invade Egypt. c. 1480 B.C. Queen Hatshepsut comes to power. c. 945 B.C. Egypt enters long period of foreign rule. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 2 Time Line c. 3000 B.C. Sumerians set up city-states. c. 2300 B.C. Akkadian king Sargon I begins conquests. c. 1700 B.C. Hammurabi develops code of laws. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 3 Time Line c. 2500 B.C. c. 2300 B.C. c. 1500 B.C. Settlements develop in the Indus River valley. Harappan people trade with Mesopotamia. Indus Valley civilization declines. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Civilizations Section 4 Time Line c. 2500 B.C. Lung-shan culture begins in China. c. 2000 B.C. c. 1700 B.C. c. 1000s B.C. Yu founds the legendary Xia dynasty. Tang establishes the Shang, the first historical dynasty. The Zhou dynasty comes to power. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. End of the Slide Show Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.