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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 The Early Hebrews The Big Idea Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established a great kingdom called Israel. Main Ideas • Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new religion. • Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders. • Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke apart. • Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their history. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 1: Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new religion. • Accounts of the Hebrews describe the Hebrews’ early history and the laws of Judaism, the Hebrew religion. • The Hebrew Bible traces the Hebrews back to Abraham, who was told by God to settle in Mesopotamia. • After a famine struck Canaan, the Hebrews ended up in Egypt and lived well, causing the pharaoh concern. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 The Exodus The pharaoh of Egypt made the Hebrews slaves to stop them from taking over Egypt. • • A leader named Moses demanded that the pharaoh free his people. • • He refused, and plagues occurred, frightening the pharaoh. • His people were released, so they began their Exodus out of Egypt. God then gave Moses the Ten Commandments by which to live. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • They included worshipping only God and valuing human life. • The Hebrews reached Canaan and settled there in small communities, as the Israelites. Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 2: Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders. • The new threat to the Israelites came from the Philistines. • Solomon became king next, and expanded the kingdom and trade. • The Israelites united under Saul, who became the first king of Israel. • He made allies with nearby kingdoms, including Egypt and Phoenicia. Trade with them made Israel very rich. • The Israelites wanted a single ruler who could lead them in battle. • David became king after Saul. He won many wars. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • With the riches that came from this, he built a temple to God in Jerusalem. Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 3: Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke apart. • After Solomon’s death, revolts broke out over who should be king. • This split Israel into two kingdoms, called Israel and Judah. The people of Judah became known as the Jews. • Both were conquered, and Judah fell to the Chaldeans. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Scattering and Conquest • The Jews went through a period of enslavement called the Babylonian Captivity. • The Jews were conquered by the Romans, but made many advances in teaching and building temples. • The Persians took over and allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem. Some did not return, however, and settled in other parts of the Persian Empire. • Yohanan ben Zaccai was a teacher during this time who clarified some Jewish teachings to help people better understand the religion. He also built a school to teach about Judaism. • Scholars call the scattering of the Jews outside Canaan the Diaspora. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Despite these advances, the Jews were not happy, and called on people to rebel. Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 4: Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their history. • Hebrew society was governed by men. Women had few rights. • They had to obey their fathers and husbands. They couldn’t choose their own husbands. • A woman could not inherit property unless she had no brothers. • Some of them, however, such as Queen Esther, the judge Deborah, and Miriam (the sister of Moses) made great contributions to society. • Some women, such as Ruth and Naomi, were seen as examples of how women should behave. Ruth was devoted to her mother-in-law. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Jewish Beliefs and Texts The Big Idea The central ideas and laws of Judaism are contained in sacred texts such as the Torah. Main Ideas • Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society. • Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries. • The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs. • The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 1: Belief in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society. • Belief in one god - Judaism is the world’s oldest and possibly the first monotheistic religion. Monotheism is the belief in only one god. • Belief in education - Teaching children, mostly boys, has always been important to Jewish society. • Belief in justice and righteousness - Jews are expected to be kind and fair in dealing with other people, in a display of justice. - They are also supposed to be righteous and do what is proper. • Belief in obedience and law - They obey moral and religious laws such as the Ten Commandments and Mosaic law. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 2: Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries. The Hebrew Bible The Torah • • This is a collection of five books that make up the most sacred text in Judaism. Nearly every synagogue has one. • This is made up of the Torah, the Proverbs, and the Book of Psalms. • It is also made up of eight books that describe the messages of the prophets. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company The Commentaries • Because some laws are hard to understand, scholars wrote commentaries to explain them. • They can be found in the Talmud. Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 3: The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs. • The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in 1947. • It is suspected that they were written between 100 BC and AD 50. • The scrolls included prayers, commentaries, letters, and passages from the Hebrew Bible. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 4: The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures. • Judaism helped shape the largest religion of Western society today, Christianity, as well as Islam. • Many people still look to the Ten Commandments as a guide and do not work on the weekends, to honor the Sabbath. • People also give to charities, which is largely based on Jewish teachings. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Judaism over the Centuries The Big Idea Although they were forced out of Israel by the Romans, shared beliefs and customs helped Jews maintain their religion. Main Ideas • Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture. • Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural traditions formed. • Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 1: Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture. • The Zealots, a group of people who thought that Jews shouldn’t answer to anyone but God, refused to answer to the Romans and revolted. • During the battles, the Second Temple was destroyed. The Romans finally won in AD 73. • The Romans killed much of the Jewish population as punishment. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 A Second Revolt • Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans in the 130s. • After winning the second revolt, the Romans declared that any Jew caught in or near the city would be killed. This increased Jewish migration to the Mediterranean region. • Because the Jews no longer had a single temple in which to worship, local synagogues and rabbis became important in guiding their religious lives. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 2: Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural traditions formed. • Jewish communities in various parts of the world developed different customs, including language and rituals. • One of the two traditions, Ashkenazim, is made up of Jews who moved to France, Germany, and eastern Europe. • They developed their own language called Yiddish. • Another group of descendants, called the Sephardim, lived in what is now Spain and Portugal. • They mixed with non-Jews, borrowing elements from their culture and producing a golden age of Jewish culture. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Main Idea 3: Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion. Passover Hanukkah • • • This holiday honors the rededication of the Second Temple. It is celebrated by lighting candles in a menorah. • This is a time for Jews to remember the Exodus. • They eat only flat bread and have a ritual meal called the seder. The eight days represent the amount of time the oil burned during the rededication. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company High Holy Days • The first two days, Rosh Hashanah, celebrate the beginning of the Jewish new year. • On Yom Kippur, the most holy day, they fast all day and ask God for forgiveness of their sins. Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance Chapter 7 Print Slide Show 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company