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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
The Early Hebrews
The Big Idea
Originally desert nomads, the Hebrews established a great kingdom called Israel.
Main Ideas
•
Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new religion.
•
Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders.
•
Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke apart.
•
Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their history.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 1: Abraham and Moses led the Hebrews to Canaan and to a new
religion.
•
Accounts of the Hebrews describe the Hebrews’ early history and the laws of
Judaism, the Hebrew religion.
•
The Hebrew Bible traces the Hebrews back to Abraham, who was told by God to
settle in Mesopotamia.
•
After a famine struck Canaan, the Hebrews ended up in Egypt and lived well,
causing the pharaoh concern.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
The Exodus
The pharaoh of Egypt
made the Hebrews
slaves to stop them
from taking over Egypt.
•
•
A leader named Moses
demanded that the
pharaoh free his people.
•
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He refused, and
plagues occurred,
frightening the pharaoh.
•
His people were
released, so they began
their Exodus out of
Egypt.
God then gave Moses
the Ten
Commandments by
which to live.
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•
They included
worshipping only God
and valuing human life.
•
The Hebrews reached
Canaan and settled
there in small
communities, as the
Israelites.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 2: Strong kings united the Israelites to fight off invaders.
• The new threat to the Israelites came
from the Philistines.
• Solomon became king next, and
expanded the kingdom and trade.
• The Israelites united under Saul, who
became the first king of Israel.
• He made allies with nearby kingdoms,
including Egypt and Phoenicia. Trade
with them made Israel very rich.
• The Israelites wanted a single ruler who
could lead them in battle.
• David became king after Saul. He won
many wars.
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• With the riches that came from this, he
built a temple to God in Jerusalem.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 3: Invaders conquered and ruled the Hebrews after their kingdom broke
apart.
•
After Solomon’s death, revolts broke out over who should be king.
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This split Israel into two kingdoms, called Israel and Judah. The people of
Judah became known as the Jews.
•
Both were conquered, and Judah fell to the Chaldeans.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Scattering and Conquest
• The Jews went through a period of
enslavement called the Babylonian
Captivity.
• The Jews were conquered by the
Romans, but made many advances in
teaching and building temples.
• The Persians took over and allowed the
Jews to return to Jerusalem. Some did
not return, however, and settled in other
parts of the Persian Empire.
• Yohanan ben Zaccai was a teacher during
this time who clarified some Jewish
teachings to help people better
understand the religion. He also built a
school to teach about Judaism.
• Scholars call the scattering of the Jews
outside Canaan the Diaspora.
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• Despite these advances, the Jews were
not happy, and called on people to rebel.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 4: Some women in Hebrew society made great contributions to their
history.
•
Hebrew society was governed by men. Women had few rights.
•
They had to obey their fathers and husbands. They couldn’t choose their own
husbands.
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A woman could not inherit property unless she had no brothers.
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Some of them, however, such as Queen Esther, the judge Deborah, and
Miriam (the sister of Moses) made great contributions to society.
•
Some women, such as Ruth and Naomi, were seen as examples of how
women should behave. Ruth was devoted to her mother-in-law.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Jewish Beliefs and Texts
The Big Idea
The central ideas and laws of Judaism are contained in sacred texts such as the Torah.
Main Ideas
•
Beliefs in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society.
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Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the Commentaries.
•
The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs.
•
The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 1: Belief in God, education, justice, and obedience anchor Jewish society.
•
Belief in one god
- Judaism is the world’s oldest and possibly the first monotheistic religion.
Monotheism is the belief in only one god.
•
Belief in education
- Teaching children, mostly boys, has always been important to Jewish
society.
•
Belief in justice and righteousness
- Jews are expected to be kind and fair in dealing with other people, in a
display of justice.
- They are also supposed to be righteous and do what is proper.
•
Belief in obedience and law
- They obey moral and religious laws such as the Ten Commandments and
Mosaic law.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 2: Jewish beliefs are listed in the Torah, the Hebrew Bible, and the
Commentaries.
The Hebrew Bible
The Torah
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This is a collection of
five books that make up
the most sacred text in
Judaism.
Nearly every synagogue
has one.
•
This is made up of the
Torah, the Proverbs, and
the Book of Psalms.
•
It is also made up of
eight books that
describe the messages
of the prophets.
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The Commentaries
•
Because some laws are
hard to understand,
scholars wrote
commentaries to
explain them.
•
They can be found in
the Talmud.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 3: The Dead Sea Scrolls reveal many past Jewish beliefs.
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The Dead Sea Scrolls were found in 1947.
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It is suspected that they were written between 100 BC and AD 50.
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The scrolls included prayers, commentaries, letters, and passages from the
Hebrew Bible.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 4: The ideas of Judaism have helped shape later cultures.
•
Judaism helped shape the largest religion of Western society today,
Christianity, as well as Islam.
•
Many people still look to the Ten Commandments as a guide and do not work
on the weekends, to honor the Sabbath.
•
People also give to charities, which is largely based on Jewish teachings.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Judaism over the Centuries
The Big Idea
Although they were forced out of Israel by the Romans, shared beliefs and customs
helped Jews maintain their religion.
Main Ideas
•
Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture.
•
Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural traditions formed.
•
Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 1: Revolt, defeat, and migration led to great changes in Jewish culture.
•
The Zealots, a group of people who thought that Jews shouldn’t answer to
anyone but God, refused to answer to the Romans and revolted.
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During the battles, the Second Temple was destroyed. The Romans finally
won in AD 73.
•
The Romans killed much of the Jewish population as punishment.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
A Second Revolt
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Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans in the 130s.
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After winning the second revolt, the Romans declared that any Jew caught in
or near the city would be killed. This increased Jewish migration to the
Mediterranean region.
•
Because the Jews no longer had a single temple in which to worship, local
synagogues and rabbis became important in guiding their religious lives.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 2: Because Jews settled in different parts of the world, two cultural
traditions formed.
•
Jewish communities in various parts of the world developed different
customs, including language and rituals.
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One of the two traditions, Ashkenazim, is made up of Jews who moved to
France, Germany, and eastern Europe.
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They developed their own language called Yiddish.
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Another group of descendants, called the Sephardim, lived in what is now
Spain and Portugal.
•
They mixed with non-Jews, borrowing elements from their culture and
producing a golden age of Jewish culture.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
Main Idea 3: Jewish traditions and holy days celebrate their history and religion.
Passover
Hanukkah
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This holiday honors the
rededication of the
Second Temple.
It is celebrated by
lighting candles in a
menorah.
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This is a time for Jews to
remember the Exodus.
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They eat only flat bread
and have a ritual meal
called the seder.
The eight days
represent the amount
of time the oil burned
during the rededication.
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High Holy Days
•
The first two days, Rosh
Hashanah, celebrate the
beginning of the Jewish
new year.
•
On Yom Kippur, the
most holy day, they fast
all day and ask God for
forgiveness of their sins.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 7
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