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Midyear Review
11 Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
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Slide 1.4
Organ System Overview
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
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Slide 1.5
Organ System Overview
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
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Slide 1.6
Organ System Overview
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to internal
and external change
• Activates muscles and
glands
Figure 1.2d
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Slide 1.7
Organ System Overview
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
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Slide 1.8
Organ System Overview
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Figure 1.2f
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Slide 1.9
Organ System Overview
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Slide 1.10
Organ System Overview
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Slide 1.11
Organ System Overview
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
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Slide 1.12
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Slide 1.13
Organ System Overview
• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Slide 1.14
Survival Needs
1. Nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins,
and minerals
2. Oxygen: 20 % in air, too much is flammable
3. Water: 60–80% of body weight
4. Body temperature: 37 °C (98 °F)
5. Atmospheric pressure: force exerted by the weight of
air; certain pressure is necessary for gas exchange
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internal
environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
Examples:
-steady level of CO2 and O2
-blood sugar level
-Blood pressure
-body temperature
Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms:
Afferent Pathway
(input)
Variable/
Stimuli
Receptor
Control Center
(Nervous – Brain)
(Endocrine- Glands)
Determines the set point.
Depress
Increase
Effector
Efferent Pathway
(output)
Homeostatic Control
Mechanisms:
E. (input)
A.
B.
C.
Depress
Increase
D.
F.
(output)
Which is the right side of the heart?
Side A or Side B?
Side A
Side B
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Slide 1.22
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
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Slide 1.23
Body Landmarks
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Slide 1.24
Body Landmarks
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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Slide 1.25
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
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Slide 1.26
Quiz!!
E
Can You Identify the
Classes of Epithelium?
D
A
B
C
Skin Structure
Figure 4.4
Layers/Strata of Epidermis
1. Stratum basale
(germinativum)
Cells undergoing mitosis, Lies next to
dermis, contains melanocytes
2. Stratum
spinosum
Most superficial layer that still receives
adequate nourishment
3. Stratum
granulosum
Contains granules with a precursor to
keratin and a waterproofing glycolipid
4. Stratum
lucidum
Occurs only in thick skin (palms, soles of
feet)
5. Stratum
corneum
Shingle-like dead cells, filled with keratin
(protein), 20-30 cell layers thick
Functions of Bones
1. Support
2. Protection: skull/brain, vertebrae/spinal cord,
ribs/soft organs
3. Movement: due to attached skeletal muscles
4. Storage: fat, minerals (calcium, phosphorus)
5. Blood cell formation: within the bone marrow
of certain bones (aka. Hematopoiesis)
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Slide 5.2
Subdivisions of the
Skeleton
–Axial skeleton: bones of the
longitudinal axis (skull, spine, ribs)
–Appendicular skeleton: bones of
the appendages (limbs and girdles)
Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Slide 5.4c
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Diaphysis
 Shaft
 compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Ends of long bone
 spongy bone
surrounded by a thin
layer of compact
bone
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Figure 5.2a
Slide 5.6
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3
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Slide
5.10b
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Lacunae
 Cavities containing
bone cells
(osteocytes)
 Arranged in
concentric rings
 Lamellae
 Rings around the
central canal
 Sites of lacunae
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Figure 5.3
Slide
5.11a
• ..\U9 Endocrine
System\Ch09_JPGs\0909_HormonalContr
ols_1.JPG
Structural Classification of Joints
1. Fibrous joints: Generally immovable
(synarthroses)
2. Cartilaginous joints: Immovable or slightly
moveable (amphiarthroses)
3. Synovial joints: Freely moveable (diarthroses)
Q. Where might it be important to have immovable joints? Why?
A. Immovable joints offer greater protection.
B. Example: sutures in the skull
Slide 5.45
Fibrous Joints
 Bones united by fibrous tissue
Sutures:
-irregular edges interlock and
are connected by
fibrous connective tissue
Example: bones of the skull
Syndesmoses:
- Allows more movement than sutures
Example: distal end of tibia and fibula
Figure 5.27d, e
Slide 5.46
Cartilaginous Joints
 Bones connected by cartilage
 Examples
 Pubic
symphysis
 Intervertebral
joints
 Cartilage between
the ribs and sternum
Figure 5.27b, c
Slide 5.47
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29a–c
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Slide
5.52a
Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Figure 5.29d–f
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Slide
5.52b
The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
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Slide
5.32b
The Muscular System
Three Types of Muscle:
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
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Slide 6.1
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
 Cells are multinucleate
 Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
Figure 6.3a
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Slide 6.9a
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Sarcolemma: plasma membrane or cell
membrane of a muscle cell
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)– stores calcium,
smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell
Figure 6.3a
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Slide 6.9b
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal
Muscle
Myofibril: Bundles of myofilaments
(actin and myosin)
Figure 6.3b
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Slide
6.10a
Sarcomere: Contractile unit of a muscle fiber between
two 2 z-lines
Myosin: Thick filaments that have heads (extensions, or
cross bridges)
Actin: Thin filaments that have binding sites where
myosin heads form crossbridges
Figure 6.3b
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Slide
6.10b
The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle
Contraction
1. Action potential arrives at the end of the motor
neuron
2. ACh (neurotransmitter) diffuses across the synaptic
cleft and attaches to receptors on the sacrolemma of
the muscle cell
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Figure 6.7
Slide
6.17a
3. A muscle action potential (depolarization) is
generated which moves along the muscle fiber
surface
4. Depolarization spreads to the t-tubule
5. Ca2+ is released from the sacroplasmic reticulum
6. Ca2+ binds to
troponin
7. Tropomyosin moves
exposing the
myosin binding
sites on actin
8. Myosin heads bind to the binding sites on
actin and the heads pull on the actin
causing the filaments to slide past each
other
9. ATP binds to Myosin and is converted to
ADP + Pi which re-energizes the myosin
heads
10. Cross bridge cycling continues while
Ca2+ and ATP are present
11. Ca2+ is pumped back into the
sacroplasmic reticulum causing myosin
binding sites to be covered and muscle
activity to cease
Body Movements
Figure 6.13
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Slide 6.33
Sensory Input:
you see the red light
Integration:
red means stop
Motor output:
contract your muscles to step
on the brake
(CNS) Central nervous system: Brain & Spinal cord
(PNS) Peripheral nervous system: Nerves outside the brain
and spinal cord
PNS:
-Afferent/Sensory division: Nerve fibers that carry
information to the central nervous system
-Efferent/Motor division: Nerve fibers that carry
impulses
away from the central nervous system
Efferent:
+Somatic nervous system = voluntar
+(ANS) Autonomic nervous system = involuntary
ANS:
--Sympathetic
--Parasympathetic
Slide 7.2
Astrocytes
• Most numerous glial cell in the
CNS
• Brace/support neurons
• star-shaped cells with many
extensions
• Fill spaces with scar tissue following an injury to
the nervous system
• have many extensions that are associated with
and form a barrier between neurons and
capillaries
Slide 7.5
Microglia
 Small spider-like phagocytes (the clean up crew)
 Engulf and dispose of debris, dead brain cells and bacteria
Slide 7.6
Ependymal cells
• Line cavities of the brain and spinal
cord
• Have cilia that circulate
cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
 Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS
 don’t have the neurilemmal sheath that Schwann cells
have
 The same oligodendrocyte can form myelin around many
neurons, wheareas Schwann cells in the PNS form myelin
only around part of one neuron.
Figure 7.3d
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Slide 7.7a
Satellite cells
 Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies
in the PNS
Figure 7.3e
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Slide 7.7b
Schwann Cells
• Form myelin sheath in the
PNS
• the Neurilemma is the
outer part of the cell where
the cytoplasm is located
Figure 7.5
Slide 7.12
Nodes of Ranvier
• gaps in myelin sheath along
the axon where two
Schwann cells meet
(Myelinated nerve fiber x 540)
Multipolar neurons
• many extensions from the cell body
• majority of neurons
Figure 7.8a
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Slide
7.16a
Conjunctivitis:
• inflammation of the conjunctiva
• symptoms: eyes are red and inflamed
Pinkeye:
• infectious form of conjunctivitis
• very contagious  caused by
bacteria/viruses
Neurons of the Retina
Figure 8.4
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Slide 8.11