Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Nervous System Unit 6 Objectives • • • • • 1. Describe the 3 parts to the neuron 2. List the main divisions of the nervous system 3. List the functions of the nervous system 4.Identify and label parts of the brain and major nerve 5. List some common brain disorders General Divisions of Labor • Central Nervous System • Peripheral Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System Central Nervous System • Named for: Location • Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord • Function: Control Center Peripheral Nervous System • Named for: Location • Consists of: Spinal, Somatic, and Cranial Nerves (Receptors) • Function: Relay Center Autonomic Nervous System • Named for: Function • Consists of: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Branches • Functions: Independent Life Functions ANS • Broken down into – Sympathetic NS- activates for F/F – Parasympathetic NS- calms body down Organ Sympathetic Parasympathetic Pupil Dilate Constrict Glands Sweat Salivary, Tears Heart Rate Accelerates Slows Bronchial Tubes Dilate Constrict Digestion Inhibited Stimulated Urine Volumes drops Volume Increases Liver Glucose Stims. Release Inhibits Release Main Functions • • • • Communication Coordination Orientation Assimilation What’s It Made of? • Neuron: Functional unit that makes up the nervous system, triggers to transmit information Neuron Structure Neuroglia: Supporting cells that aid the neuron by feeding, protecting, and speeding up transmissions • 65% of brain tissue • To surround neurons and hold them in place • To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons • To insulate one neuron from another • To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. How do neurons communicate? • Neurons “connect” at a space called a SYNAPSE • They create action potentials that send a signal (from ions) that causes a release of neurotransmitters (chemical signals) that either excite or inhibit the next neuron All or Nothing Response • Neurons “rest” at -70mV • When voltage changes to +40 mV, the “threshold” has been reached • The neuron fires! • Neurotransmitters Are released! Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine- excitatory (arousal, attention, memory) • Dopamine- inhibitory (attention, learning, movement, pleasure) • Serotonin –inhibitory (anxiety, dreaming, eating, sleep, mood, pain) • Noradrenalin/Norepinephrineexcitatory (activity, alert, heart) More Vocab… • Brain: Control center of nervous system, also called cerebrum • Lobes: Division of the brain with specific functions • Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs abbrev. By roman numerals that control head and neck Brain Terms Lobes of the Brain • Frontal Lobe – Location: Front 50% of brain – Function: Intellect, Reasoning, Creativity, Social Awareness, Language and Personality (movement as well) Lobes of the Brain • Parietal Lobe – Location: Top, Posterior portion – Function: Sensory Information (pain and touch), spatial relationships Sensory Maps • All sensory information is received in the parietal cortex • Is there an even amount of neurons dedicated to every sense and body part? • NO! • Homonculus: diagram that represents the amount of space dedicated to each body part Sensory Homunculus Lobes of the Brain • Occipital Lobe: – Location: Posterior Back, bottom – Function: Visual area that interprets shape, color, distance, etc. and sends info. to be recognized Lobes of the Brain • Temporal Lobe: – Location: Posterior lateral portions – Function: Smell, taste, hearing (music, noise, speech word to thought, memory) Overall View of Function Cerebral Hemispheres • Location: Rt. vs. Lt., separated by longitudinal fissure • Function: Left= language and reasoning Right=Space, pattern, artistic, music, imagination Corpus Callosum: nerve fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres Hypothalamus “Master Gland” • Location: Deep, inner portion of brain • Function: Regulates metabolism and glands Pituitary Gland • Location: Deep in the sella tursica • Function: Secretes hormones including ADH, oxytocin, TSH, LH, ACTH • Extremely important gland for both nervous and endocrine system Brain Anatomy and Phys • Pineal Gland: – Location: Superior to brainstem – Function: Circadian Rhythms •Pons: –Location: Brain Stem –Function: Relays sensory information b/t cerebrum and cerebellum (possibly involved in dreaming) Brain Anatomy and Phys • Medulla Oblongata: – Location: on the brain stem – Function: Autonomic Fxn’s (heart and lungs) • Cerebellum: – Location: Base of brain – Function: Sensory Input vs. Motor, coordinate movement, posture, balance, and equilibrium Cranial Nerves • • • • • • • I-Smell II-Vision III-Eye Movement IV-Eye Rotation V-Face Sensations VI-Eye Move Away VII-Face Expressions and 2/3 tongue Cranial Nerves • VIII- Sound, rotation, gravity, balance • IX-taste, salivary gland • X-heart and other ANS organs • XI-Neck Muscles • XII-Tongue Muscles Ear Drum HairsReceptors Retina of Eye Nervous System Disorders • Can be environmental, genetic, or both • Common disorders include: – – – – Parkinson’s Disease Stroke Alzheimer’s Disease Meningitis What does the line show us? Brain “terms” • • • • Gyrus: bump/bulge on cortex Sulcus: Groove in the cortex Cortex: Outer most layer of brain Afferent Nerves: bring in somatic info • Efferent Nerves: Take out info (motor, gland, etc.) Terms Revisited Cerebral Cortex • Dark Purple Off Topics… • The Science Of Heartache • Brain Tricks • Can you live with half a brain? Make the connection… • Lower mammals tend to have a thinner cortex with fewer gyri and sulci