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Neurotransmitters • 4 major Categories 1) ACh 2) Amino Acids 3) Biogenic Amines 4) Neuropeptides 1) ACh C.N.S. Somatic N.S. Autonomic N.S. - Parasympathetic - Sympathetic 2) Amino Acids Glutamate (aspartame) GABA (glycine) 3) Biogenic Amines Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E) Dopamine Seratonin (5-HT) 4) Neuropeptides Substance P Enkephalins and Endorphins • Central Nervous System – Brain – Spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System – Autonomic N.S. – Somatic N.S. Divisions of the Brain 1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Midbrain 4. Cerebellum 5. Pons 6. Medulla Oblongata Central Nervous System: The Brain Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Functions of the Cerebrum In General - our conscious mind enables us to: Be aware of ourselves and sensations. Initiate and control voluntary movements. Cerebrum has 5 Lobes Frontal Lobe - memory, behavior, personality, movement. Parietal Lobe - somatic sensory perception. Temporal Lobe - auditory and olfactory perception. Occipital Lobe - visual perception. Insula Lobe - visceral perception. Cerebral Lobes Homunculus - Motor and Sensory Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Broca’s area Wernike’s area Hearing words Seeing words Speaking words Thinking • The Limbic System = “emotional brain” e.g., Cingulate gyrus Allows us to shift between thoughts. Interprets pain as unpleasant. e.g., Amygdala Detects menacing glances from others. Emotional recognition of faces. Diencephalon = 1) Epithalamus, 2) Thalamus and 3) Hypothalamus 1) Epithalamus - Includes the pineal gland (body). Secretes hormone melatonin, under influence of the hypothalamus. 2) Thalamus * Makes up 80% of the diencephalon. * Act as the “gateway” to cerebral cortex. 3) Hypothalamus Main visceral control center of the body Regulates body temperature Regulates circadian rhythms Processes olfaction and feeding reflexes Hypothalamus Functions include the following: 1. Regulation of body temperature 2. Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations 3. Regulation of sleep-wake cycles 4. Control of the autonomic nervous system 5. Control of the endocrine system Control of behavior Control of emotional responses Midbrain • Cranial Reflexes e.g., visual and auditory reflexes. The Cerebellum Folia Functions of Cerebellum 1) Controls Postural Reflexes: - coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments of muscles in body to maintain equilibrium. 2) Produces Skilled Movements: - implements routines for fine tuned movements. Refines learned skills (e.g. driving, playing an instrument) until the action becomes routine. The Brain Stem Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata Pons * Contains the pontine respiratory centers. Medulla Oblongata Vital Centers in the MO include: 1. Cardiac Control Center 2. Vasomotor Center 3. Respiratory Center (Medullary) * Also contains the centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting and coughing Electroencephalogram (EEG) Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic N.S. Skeletal Muscle • Autonomic N.S. Parasympathetic Division Sympathetic Division Somatic Nervous System (SNS) Central Nervous System One motor neuron to a single effector tissue: skeletal muscle Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Two motor neurons to many effector tissues: cardiac smooth glands Somatic Nervous System (SNS) One Motor Neuron to Effector Tissue skeletal muscle Effector Tissue is Skeletal Muscle Neurotransmitter is ACh (released from somatic motor neurons) Receptors are Nicotinic (response is always excitatory) Control is Voluntary (except reflexes) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Two Motor Neurons to Effector Tissue cardiac smooth glands Effector Tissue is Cardiac and Smooth Muscle and Glands Neurotransmitters are ACh and NE (released from autonomic neurons) Parasympathetic: Receptors are Nicotinic and Muscarinic Sympathetic: Receptors are Alpha () and Beta () Control is Involuntary (except biofeedback)