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Body Regulation Nervous and Endocrine Systems The _______________ nervous and _____________________ endocrine systems interact responses to control and coordinate the body’s _________________ to changes growth In the environment, as well as to regulate ________________, ___________________, and reproduction. ___________________ are development Hormones chemicals from glands that affect other body parts. I. The Nervous System – a network of _________________ neurons (nerve cells) brain body which carry messages between the _________________ and the __________. Direction of impulse Dendrite Cell body Nucleus Axon A. Neurons are made up of parts called 1. Dendrites – branches of a neuron which ________________ receive impulses messages (_______________) and send them to the cell body. carry 2. Axons – branches of a neuron which ____________ messages away impulses (_________________) _________ from the cell body. nucleus 3. Cell body – main part of the neuron which contains the ____________ and other cell organelles. B. Three types of neurons: 1. Sensory neurons – receive _____________________ information and send impulses spinal cord _______________ to the ____________ __________ or ___________. brain stimuli Receptors in the sense organs respond to __________________ and Send impulses to the brain or spinal cord. 2. Interneurons – nerve cells throughout the ____________ brain and spinal cord __________ ________ that relay impulses from ___________ neurons sensory to motor neurons. 3. Motor neurons – conduct ___________ impulses from the brain or spinal cord to _____________ or _____________ throughout the body. muscles glands C. Neuron connections – The space between neurons is called a synapse ______________ which impulses must jump across. The axon gives off chemical a nerve transmitting _________________ (acetylcholine – C7H17NO3) synapse used to transmit the impulse across the __________________. brain D. Central Nervous System (CNS) – made up of the ________________ and ____________ ___________. The brain is made up of spinal cord 3 parts. _______________________ (1014) neurons. It is divided into ___ 100 billion left 1. Cerebrum – divided into the _________ and __________ right hemispheres. senses This part of the brain controls _____________, _______________, memory thought voluntary muscles _________________, and the work of ______________ ___________. 2. Cerebellum – located under and behind the cerebrum. It coordinates ______________________voluntary muscles and maintains balance muscle tone __________________ and _______________ _________. 3. Brainstem or ________________ medulla - This part of the brain is heartbeat breathing responsible for _______________, _________________, blood pressure ___________ ______________, and coordination of __________________ _____________ __________________. involuntary muscle movement 4. The spinal cord is an extension of the _________ brain _______, stem neurons made up of bundles of ________________ which carry impulses brain body between the ______________ and the _______________. E. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – made up of ____ 12 pairs of 31 pairs of spinal nerves which link the cranial nerves and ____ CNS to all parts of the body. 1. ______________ Somatic system – nerves that go to and from the skeletal muscles 2. ________________ Autonomic system – nerves that control involuntary salivary activities (things we don’t think about such as our ______________ glands _______________. F. Reflexes – These are _________________ involuntary and _________________ automatic responses to _________________. They are controlled (in general) stimuli spinal cord brain by your _____________ __________, NOT your _____________. Example: Knee Reflex The nerve impulse is sent from the ____________ through the knee sensory neurons spinal cord ____________ ___________ to the ____________ __________ back through the ____________ ___________ to the _____________ motor neurons muscle contracts which ________________. G. Senses – Sensory organs in the body receive ______________________ stimuli and relay the information to the ____________________. brain 1. Sight – the ___________ eyes respond to ______________. light __________ Rods (which see black and white) and ______________ cones (which detect color) in the retina are stimulated by light to send impulses optic nerve ______________ through the ___________ ____________ to the picture brain where it is interpreted as a __________________. Light travels (in order) through the __________________ cornea (the clear window that protects the eye), through the ____________ which is a hole pupil iris controlled by the _______(the colored part of the eye), through the ___________ which focuses the light, through the _________ lens vitreous _________, humor retina and is finally detected by the rods and cones on the ______________. 2. Hearing – the ______________ eardrum in the _________ ear picks up vibrations from sound waves and transmits them through ____ 3 little bones (the hammer anvil stirrup ___________, _________, and ____________) to the snail-shaped _______________ where fluid vibrates, stimulating nerve endings which cochlea send the ______________ to the brain through the _____________ nerve. impulses auditory The _________________ semicircular ____________ canals are responsible for balance. The Eustachian tubes throat is connected to the middle ear by the ________________ ________. 3. Smell – the _________ nose contains ________________ olfactory cells which are stimulated by gas _________________. They send impulses to the brain. molecules taste buds on the tongue are receptors for taste 4. Taste - __________ _______ saliva sour of molecules dissolved in _______________. The four tastes are _______, ____________, ___________, and _______________. We can taste so sweet salty bitter taste many more than just 4 flavors because the senses of both ____________ and _____________ are interpreted together in the ______________. The smell brain nose and mouth are connected together in the back of the _____________. throat (pharynx) 5. Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature – Sensory receptors found internal skin throughout the _____________ organs as well as in the ____________. Why do we need these receptors in our organs? II. The Endocrine System – the system of _____________ ductless ____________ glands throughout the body. These glands secrete (give off) ________________ hormones directly into the bloodstream. A. There are ____ 8 endocrine glands. 3 1 2 1. Pituitary – enables other glands to produce ______________, hormones regulates _________ production, and regulates _____________. milk growth 2. Thyroid – regulates _____________________ use which affect carbohydrate the ___________ level. energy calcium 4 3. Parathyroid – regulates _________________. 4. Thymus – regulates parts of the ______________ immune system. 5 5. Adrenal – regulates ____________ blood sugar and _________________. metabolism __________ blood sugar 6 6. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhan)– regulates ___________ insulin with the hormone_________________. Problems with this gland causes the disease known as _________________. 7 diabetes 7. Ovaries – regulates production of ______ eggs and development of ______ organs and characteristics in ________________. sex females 8 8. Testes – regulate production of ___________ sperm and development From Biology: Principles and Explorations, Teaching of _______ organs and characteristics in ___________. sex males Transparencies B. Negative feedback system – A gland regulates how much it produces by using _____________________ signals to tell iot when to increase or chemical hormone decrease production of the __________________. This keeps the level of the hormone in the bloodstream at ________________________. homeostasis Review questions: 1. What do endocrine glands NOT have? _____________________ ducts insulin 2. What is a hormone produced by the pancreas? _______________ 3. What signals the gland to start secreting its hormone again? When the level of hormone drops in the bloodstream ______________________________________________________ 4. What happens to excess hormones in the bloodstream? _________ It is removed by the kidneys. _______________________________________________________ 5. Which gland is involved with problems with calcium absorption? ______________________________ parathyroid Body Regulation Nervous and Endocrine Systems The _______________ and _____________________ systems interact to control and coordinate the body’s _________________ to changes In the environment, as well as to regulate ________________, ___________________, and reproduction. ___________________ are chemicals from glands that affect other body parts. I. The Nervous System – a network of _________________ (nerve cells) which carry messages between the _________________ and the __________. Direction of impulse Dendrite Cell body Nucleus Axon A. Neurons are made up of parts called 1. Dendrites – branches of a neuron which ________________ messages (_______________) and send them to the cell body. 2. Axons – branches of a neuron which ____________ messages (_________________) _________ from the cell body. 3. Cell body – main part of the neuron which contains the ____________ and other cell organelles. B. Three types of neurons: 1. Sensory neurons – receive _____________________ and send _______________ to the ____________ __________ or ___________. Receptors in the sense organs respond to __________________ and Send impulses to the brain or spinal cord. 2. Interneurons – nerve cells throughout the ____________ and __________ ________ that relay impulses from ___________ neurons to motor neurons. 3. Motor neurons – conduct ___________ from the brain or spinal cord to _____________ or _____________ throughout the body. C. Neuron connections – The space between neurons is called a ______________ which impulses must jump across. The axon gives off a nerve transmitting _________________ (acetylcholine – C7H17NO3) used to transmit the impulse across the __________________. D. Central Nervous System (CNS) – made up of the ________________ and ____________ ___________. The brain is made up of _______________________ (1014) neurons. It is divided into ___ parts. 1. Cerebrum – divided into the _________ and __________ hemispheres. This part of the brain controls _____________, _______________, _________________, and the work of ______________ ___________. 2. Cerebellum – located under and behind the cerebrum. It ______________________voluntary muscles and maintains __________________ and _______________ _________. 3. Brainstem or ________________ - This part of the brain is responsible for _______________, _________________, ___________ ______________, and coordination of __________________ _____________ __________________. 4. The spinal cord is an extension of the _________ _______, made up of bundles of ________________ which carry impulses between the ______________ and the _______________. E. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – made up of ____ 12 pairs of 31 pairs of spinal nerves which link the cranial nerves and ____ CNS to all parts of the body. 1. ______________ Somatic system – nerves that go to and from the skeletal muscles 2. ________________ Autonomic system – nerves that control involuntary salivary activities (things we don’t think about such as our ______________ glands _______________. F. Reflexes – These are _________________ involuntary and _________________ automatic responses to _________________. They are controlled (in general) stimuli spinal cord brain by your _____________ __________, NOT your _____________. Example: Knee Reflex The nerve impulse is sent from the ____________ through the knee sensory neurons spinal cord ____________ ___________ to the ____________ __________ back through the ____________ ___________ to the _____________ motor neurons muscle contracts which ________________. G. Senses – Sensory organs in the body receive ______________________ and relay the information to the ____________________. 1. Sight – the ___________ respond to ______________. __________ (which see black and white) and ______________ (which detect color) in the retina are stimulated by light to send ______________ through the ___________ ____________ to the brain where it is interpreted as a __________________. Light travels (in order) through the __________________ (the clear window that protects the eye), through the ____________ which is a hole controlled by the _______(the colored part of the eye), through the ___________ which focuses the light, through the _________ _________, and is finally detected by the rods and cones on the ______________. 2. Hearing – the ______________ in the _________ picks up vibrations from sound waves and transmits them through ____ little bones (the ___________, _________, and ____________) to the snail-shaped _______________ where fluid vibrates, stimulating nerve endings which send the ______________ to the brain through the _____________ nerve. The _________________ ____________ are responsible for balance. The throat is connected to the middle ear by the ________________ ________. 3. Smell – the _________ contains ________________ cells which are stimulated by gas _________________. They send impulses to the brain. 4. Taste - __________ _______ on the tongue are receptors for taste of molecules dissolved in _______________. The four tastes are _______, ____________, ___________, and _______________. We can taste so many more than just 4 flavors because the senses of both ____________ and _____________ are interpreted together in the ______________. The nose and mouth are connected together in the back of the _____________. 5. Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature – Sensory receptors found throughout the _____________ organs as well as in the ____________. Why do we need these receptors in our organs? II. The Endocrine System – the system of _____________ ____________ throughout the body. These glands secrete (give off) ________________ directly into the bloodstream. A. There are ____ endocrine glands. 3 5 7 From Biology: Principles and Explorations, Teaching Transparencies 1 2 1. Pituitary – enables other glands to produce ______________, regulates _________ production, and regulates _____________. 2. Thyroid – regulates _____________________ use which affect the ___________ level. 4 3. Parathyroid – regulates _________________. 4. Thymus – regulates parts of the ______________ system. 5. Adrenal – regulates ____________ sugar and _________________. 6 6. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhan)– regulates ___________ __________ with the hormone_________________. Problems with this gland causes the disease known as _________________. 7. Ovaries – regulates production of ______ and development of ______ organs and characteristics in ________________. 8 8. Testes – regulate production of ___________ and development of _______ organs and characteristics in ___________. B. Negative feedback system – A gland regulates how much it produces by using _____________________ signals to tell iot when to increase or decrease production of the __________________. This keeps the level of the hormone in the bloodstream at ________________________. Review questions: 1. What do endocrine glands NOT have? _____________________ 2. What is a hormone produced by the pancreas? _______________ 3. What signals the gland to start secreting its hormone again? ______________________________________________________ 4. What happens to excess hormones in the bloodstream? _________ _______________________________________________________ 5. Which gland is involved with problems with calcium absorption? ______________________________