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Introduction to Cogsci April 07, 2005 Central Theme • Cognitive Science was occuppied with the algorithmic level for much of its history: successive manipulation of semantically evaluable symbolic representations. • Cognitive Science today: two major new trends: The three levels • • • • Computational Algorithmic: input, computation, output Implementation One way of putting lesson from before: once you start to deal with real systems in real worlds, then things look different. Clark’s problems with Marr • Central problems, p. 85: • Distinctions among levels not always clear • Process of discovering should be deeply informed by neuroscience Process of Discovery • Biological evolution is liberated by being able to be mess – Hand case – Perceptual adaptation can be “motor specific” (87) Interactive vision • 88: 4 points Mirror Neurons • Mirror neurons and knowledge of other’s emotions Mirror Neurons • Fire in response to action in others • Constitute in part a mirroring of a motor routine • Connected to the limbic system and so to emotional reactions • Explain potentially why facial imitation produces emotional synchronization Summary • “… the brain is revealed not as (primarily) an engine of reason or quiet deliberation, but as an organ of environmentally situated control.” (95) Unclear Distinctions Among Levels • Can get an upward cascade of influences in which isolating ‘the right task’ is problematic • Many different levels of implementation • Timing washes out in algorithmic description • Biology need not give us neat decomposition Reverse Engineering (Ch. 6) • 2 examples in which behavior is revealed to have a basis very different from what one might have thought: – Cricket: does not have general representational and computational abilities; has special purpose strategies effective in environment. – Flocks of birds: no one has a plan, just three simple rules (108)