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Principles of Physical Development • Cephalocaudal - development from head down. Structural Example Cephalocaudal Development Functional Example Principles of Physical Development • Proximodistal: development from inside out • Mass-to-specific: gross motor skills (large muscles) develops first followed by fine motor (small muscles) skills Growth • • • • Newborn: 20 inches long; 7 1/2 pounds 1 inch per month ½ adult height by age 2 double weight by 4 months, triple by 12 months • Head Circumference • Fontanels – Ossification Growth • Adolescence – Puberty growth spurt - age 9 for girls, 11 for boys – Sexual maturation Stages of Puberty • Prepubescent Stage: no longer a child but not yet an adolescent. Secondary sex characteristics begin to appear, but the reproductive organs are not yet fully developed. • Pubescent Stage : dividing line between childhood and adolescence. Signs of sexual maturity appear - the menstrual cycle in girls and the first nocturnal emissions in boys. Secondary sex characteristics continue to develop. Gametes are produced (not in the quantity/regularity of Fully mature sex organs). • Postpubescent Stage: Secondary sex characteristics become well developed and sex organs begin to function in a mature manner. Brain Development • Human brain – most functional and bestorganized 3 pounds of matter in universe. • Part of Central Nervous System • Controls voluntary and involuntary activities • 2 Hemispheres with 4 lobes Development of Brain Brain Lobes Occipital lobe – vision Temporal lobe – speech/language and hearing Parietal lobe – sensory motor processes Frontal lobe – critical thinking Nervous System Development The Birth and Growth of Neurons • Most neurons formed halfway through gestation • Virtually no synaptic connections – it is experience and interaction with the environment that forms the synaptic connections • 83% of dendritic growth (connections between synapses) occurs after birth • Synaptogenesis Childhood • Myelination • Lateralization • Triples in weight by age 3 Use it or lose it – Natural Selection of Brain Wiring • Exposure to enriched environments with extra sensory and social stimulation enhances the connectivity of the synapses • However, children and adolescents can lose up to 20 million per day when not stimulated