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Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Types of Epithelial Tissues Animal Organization & Homeostasis in the Vertebrates 2 Outline Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Organs Organ Systems Homeostasis Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Animal Organization & Homeostasis 3 Levels of Organization Animal Organization & Homeostasis Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar function Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized function Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning together Organism - A collection of organ systems 4 Types of Tissues Animal Organization & Homeostasis Four major vertebrate tissue types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous 5 Types of Epithelial Tissues Animal Organization & Homeostasis in the Vertebrates 6 Epithelial Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Epithelial tissue: Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces Lines inner cavities Forms glands - Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavities - Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream Covers abdominal organs Three types of epithelial tissues: Squamous – Flat cells Cuboidal - Cube-shaped cells Columnar – Pillar-shaped cells 7 Connective Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Connective tissues consist of: Fibroblast cells A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers Loose fibrous connective tissue Allows organs to expand Dense fibrous connective tissue Strong connective tissue - Tendons - Ligaments 8 Animal Tissue Organization Diagram of Fibrous Connective & Homeostasis 9 Connective Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Adipose Tissue Insulates the body and provides padding Cartilage Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrix 10 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Connective Tissue Examples 11 Connective Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis 12 Compact Bone Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunae Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals) Blood Animal Organization & Homeostasis Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma) Red blood cells - erythrocytes White blood cells - leukocytes Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes 13 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Blood, a Liquid Tissue 14 Muscular Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments Cells are called muscle fibers Skeletal Muscle - Voluntary - Long, striated fibers Smooth Muscle - Involuntary - No striations Cardiac Muscle - Striated, but mostly involuntary - Bound by intercalated disks 15 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Muscular Tissue 16 Nervous Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis 17 Nervous Tissue: neurons-specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses. Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon Dendrites (like antennae) receive signals from sensory receptors. Cell body contains the nucleus and organelles. Axons conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body. - Myelin-white matter - Unmyelinated fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites-grey matter - A nerve is a bundle of axons bound together by connective tissue. Neuroglia support and nourish neurons Neurons Animal Organization & Homeostasis 18 Nervous Tissue Animal Organization & Homeostasis 19 Nervous system regulates body response to stimuli and has three main functions Sensory input - Sensory (afferent) carrying impulses from the body to the CNS - Transmit info to the spinal cord Data integration - Spinal cord and brain integrate - Decision is made regarding appropriate response Motor output-(efferent) - Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle) - Effector initiates actual response Animal Organization & Homeostasis Neurons are not in direct contact with one another instead, a synapse separates them. Neurons communicate with other neurons by releasing chemical signals called neurotransmitters across a tiny gap. 20 Types of Neuroglial Cells Schwann Cells • peripheral nervous system • myelinating cell Oligodendrocytes • CNS • myelinating cell Microglia • CNS • phagocytic cell Animal Organization & Homeostasis 21 Astrocytes • CNS • mop up excess ions, etc • induce synapse formation • stimulate formation of tight junction between cells that make up the walls of capillaries. (Blood-brain barrier) Ependyma • CNS • ciliated • line central canal of spinal cord • line ventricles of brain •Regulate the production of CSF Types of Neuroglial Cells Animal Organization & Homeostasis 22 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Integumentary system-Skin and derivatives Functions of skin: Largest organ in the body Covers and protects underlying body regions Regulate body temperature Contains sensory receptor- touch, pressure Vital in maintaining homeostasis Epidermis - Outer, thinner region Stratified squamous epithelium-lacks blood vessels As new cells enlarge, older cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment) Nails grow from specialized epidermal cells 23 Regions of Skin Animal Organization & Homeostasis 24 Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains: - Hair follicles - Sebaceous glands-secrete sebum - Receptors-specialized nerve endings - Nerve fibers - Blood vessels Subcutaneous Layer - Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue located below dermis Animal Organization & Homeostasis Human Skin Anatomy 25 Organ Systems Animal Organization & Homeostasis Body Cavities Dorsal cavity / posterior (toward the back) - Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity - The brain is in the cranial cavity, and - The spinal cord is in the vertebral cavity Ventral cavity/ anterior (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into - The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and - The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs) - The pelvic cavity 26 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Mammalian Body Cavities 27 Homeostasis Animal Organization & Homeostasis The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis The digestive system - Takes in and digests food - Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrients The respiratory system - Adds oxygen to the blood - Removes carbon dioxide 28 Homeostasis Animal Organization & Homeostasis 29 The liver and the kidneys - Store excess glucose as glycogen-regulates blood glucose - Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used - The hormone insulin regulates blood glucose levels The kidneys - Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts - Regulate pH Negative Feedback Animal Organization & Homeostasis Homeostatic Control Partially controlled by hormones Ultimately controlled by the nervous system Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point Sensor detects change in the internal environment; Regulatory Center activates an effector Effector reverses the changes 30 Animal Organization & Homeostasis Regulation of Body Temperature 31 Positive Feedback Animal Organization & Homeostasis 32 During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another event-a change occurs in one direction Childbirth Process Positive Feedback Does not result in equilibrium Does not occur as often as negative feedback Review Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Organs Organ Systems Homeostasis Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Animal Organization & Homeostasis 33 Ending Slide Chapter 33 Animal Organization & Homeostasis