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Topography of the Brain James Everhart, Robert Schenken, Erik Magoon Sulcri and Gyri Sulcus(fissure)-a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex Gyrus-a ridge in the cerebral cortex Corpus Callosum The corpus callosum is a wide, flat bundle of neuron fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres and also makes interhemispheric communication possible. Temporal Lobe Kaleb Korynta Lydia Isaacs Location • Bottom middle part of cortex, right behind the temples. Function • Hearing – Receives sensory information (sounds and speech) from the ears. • Cortex – the outer layer of the cerebrum. – Key to being able to understand meaningful speech. • Hippocampus – – Makes sense of all the different sound and pitches consolidates being transmitted from the sensory receptors of the information from ears. short-term memory to Visual Memories long-term. – Contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the • Amygdala – two formation of explicit long-term memory modulated by almond-shaped groups the amygdala. of nuclei located deep and medialy within the • Selective Listening • Vocab Controls: Emotions Problem Solving Memory Language Judgement Social Behavior Primary Motor Function Ability to consciously move muscles ● Larger in humans ● Criss Crossed ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Parts of Speech: ● Expressive (Broca’s Area) ● Receptive (Wernicke’s Area) Damage can result in changes in personality, loss of judgement, and aphasia. Occipital Lobe Denna Fox The occipital lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain. The two occipital lobes are the smallest of four paired lobes in the human cerebral cortex. Located in the rearmost portion of the skull, the occipital lobes are part of the forebrain. The occipital lobe houses the primary visual cortices. These are the portions of the cerebrum that receive visual information from the eyes and the optic nerve and organize it into images that the brain can recognize. the occipital lobe makes sense of visual information so that we are able to understand it. If our occipital lobe was impaired, or injured we would not be able to correctly process visual signals. The Parietal Lobe ● ● ● ● Location: above the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe Function: ○ Processes sensory information ■ taste, temperature, and touch ○ Also involves spatial information ■ the ability to judge size, distance, and shapes Interprets sensory information such as letting you know the location of parts of your body and aiding in physical navigation. ○ Ex. your parietal lobe automatically tells you where your tongue is as you chew to keep you from biting it. Parietal association cortex: gives us the ability to understand written language and solve mathematical problems Parietal Lobe Fun Facts ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ The left hemisphere of the parietal lobe is often stronger in right-handed person ○ Handling the symbolism of letters and numbers becomes easier The right hemisphere is more dominant in left-handed people ○ Images and spatial distances involved in them, such as reading maps become easier Damage to the left parietal lobe: ○ "Gerstmann's Syndrome" ■ right-left confusion ■ difficulty with writing and mathematics ■ disorders of language ■ inability to perceive objects normally Damage to the right parietal lobe: ○ neglecting part of the body or space ■ impairs self-care skills: dressing and washing ○ can cause difficulty in making things ○ affects drawing ability Bilateral damage: ○ "Balint's Syndrome" ■ a visual attention and motor syndrome ■ inability to integrate components of a visual scene ■ inability to accurately reach for an object with visual guidance hippocampus - part of the limbic system it is located in the temporal medial lobe essential for memory function * short term memory # duration is about15-30s * long term memory # duration is unlimited - one of the few areas that of the brain that is capable of actually growing new neurons - alzheimer's disease is one of the many condition associated with the hippocampus hippocampus Wernicke’s Area Anie Britton, Aine Stecher, Amelia Welmaker Wernicke’s Area • • • • • • • • Located in posterior section of left hemisphere Contains motor neurons Involved in the comprehension of speech Has a role in processing subordinate words with similar meanings “river” given “bank” Processes dominant word meanings “teller” given “bank” Important in understanding jokes Damage to this area can lead to language disorders Wernicke Aphasia- difficulty understanding language meaning The Brocas Area By Abraham Lincoln’s ghost, Kassya Gomez, and Sophia Gilmour Broca’s Area • Located in the frontal lobe of one hemisphere • Its function is speech production, facial neuron control, and language processing • Damage to the frontal lobe could lead to a language disorder known as Brocaphasia, named after the man who discovered it Motor Homunculus Limbic System Bowen & Jorge Limbic System ● The Limbic System is made up of 4 different parts of the brain: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cingulate Gyrus, and Amygdala and Hippocampus ● It is responsible for the portion of the brain that deals with emotions, memories and arousal. ● The limbic System is also involved in feelings of pleasure that are related to our survival, such as those experienced from eat and sex. ● It also determines what memories are stored and where it is stored. Summary The Limbic system is responsible for controlling various functions in the body. Some of these functions include interpreting emotional responses, storing memories, and regulating hormones. The limbic system is also involved with sensory perception and motor function. Meninges (singular: meninx) ● Membranes that envelop the brain and the spinal cord of the central nervous system. ● Three layers: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. ● Meningitis: condition where the meningeal membranes becomes inflamed. ● Causes muscle soreness, fever, loss of appetite, and in some case rashes and poor mental health (fear of loud noise, irritability) Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) ● Clear, colorless fluid ● Found in the brain and spinal cord ● Primary function -To cushion the brain within the skull -Serves as shock absorber for the CNS ● Circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from blood CSF continue ● Doctors use “spinal tap” to diagnose nervous system disorders Blood Brain Barrier Functionprotects the central nervous system form potentially harmful chemicals in the blood that may harm the brain regulates the transport of essentail molecules maintains a constant environment for the brain Description and LocationThe BBB is a highly selective semi-permeable blockade seperates the circulating blood from the brain fluid Position Cases the outer side of the brain Quadriplegia vs Paraplegia Sydney Berry Quadriplegia and paraplegia are two types of paralysis Quadriplegia • Injury to the spinal cord above the first thoracic region • Affects all four limbs to be paralyzed • Can often times affect the breathing and chest area to be weakened Paraplegia • Occurs below the first thoracic spinal nerve • The degree of paralyzation varies from full impairment of the legs to in other cases no movement in the abdomen • The spinal cord injury level, known as a lesion, is the exact point in the spinal cord segment at which damage has occurred. • Different areas determine what the injury will be like Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral • These area’s are important in defining quadriplegia and paraplegia Autonomic Nervous System ● AKA the visceral nervous system and involuntary nervous system ● Control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates –heart rate –digestion –respiratory rate –pupillary response –urination –and sexual arousal ANS cont. ● regulated by the hypothalamus. ● 2 branches ● the sympathetic nervous system –often considered the "fight or flight" system ● the parasympathetic nervous system. –often considered the "rest and digest" or "feed and breed" system Somatic Nervous System Sam Baugh What is it? ● The SoNS is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for carrying sensory and motor information to and from the CNS. ● Made up of nerves that connect to the skin, sensory organs, and all skeletal muscles What is is responsible for? ● Nearly all voluntary muscle movements ● Processing sensory information that arrives via external stimuli including hearing, touch, and sight ● Involuntary movements aka reflex arcs (hand jerk after touching something hot) Parts of SoNS ● Sensory (afferent) neurons ● Motor (efferent) neurons ● Spinal Cord