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0033_hsps09_GRSW_Ch04.qxd 7/27/07 3:22 PM Page 35 Name ___________________________ Chapter 4 Class ___________________ Date _____________ Atomic Structure Section 4.1 Studying Atoms (pages 100–105) This section discusses the development of atomic models. Reading Strategy (page 100) Summarizing As you read, complete the table about atomic models. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook. Scientist Dalton Evidence Atomic Models Model Indivisible, solid spheres Deflected beam Negative charges evenly scattered through positively charged mass of matter (plum pudding model) Deflection of alpha particles passing through gold foil Ancient Greek Models of Atoms (page 100) © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1. Democritus named the smallest particles of matter they could not be divided. Dalton’s Atomic Theory because (page 101) 2. Is the following sentence true or false? John Dalton gathered evidence for the existence of atoms by measuring the masses of elements that reacted to form compounds. 3. Dalton’s theory suggests that all matter is made up of individual particles called , which cannot be . 4. Circle the letters of the sentences that represent main points of Dalton’s theory of atoms. a. All elements are composed of atoms. b. In a particular compound, atoms of different elements always combine the same way. c. All atoms have the same mass. Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Level B IPLS ■ Chapter 4 35 0033_hsps09_GRSW_Ch04.qxd 8/2/07 1:05 PM Page 36 Name ___________________________ Chapter 4 Class ___________________ Date _____________ Atomic Structure Thomson’s Model of the Atom (pages 102–103) 5. Use the words in the box below to fill in the blanks. Objects with like electric charges charges , and objects with opposite electric . attract reflect deflect repel 6. Thomson concluded that the particles in the glowing beam had a(n) charge because they were attracted to a positive plate. 7. Circle the letter of the sentences that describe Thomson’s model of the atom. a. An atom is filled with positive matter. b. An atom is mostly space with a small nucleus. c. Negative charges are scattered throughout an atom. Rutherford’s Atomic Theory (pages 104–105) a. More alpha particles were deflected than expected. b. None of the alpha particles were deflected. c. Some alpha particles bounced back toward the source. 10. Circle the letter of the sentence that states what Rutherford concluded from the gold foil experiment. a. An atom’s negative charge is concentrated in its nucleus. b. An atom’s positive charge is concentrated in its nucleus. c. An atom’s positive charge is spread evenly throughout the atom. 36 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Level B IPLS ■ Chapter 4 © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 8. An is a fast-moving particle that carries a positive charge. 9. Circle the letters of the sentences that describe what happened when Marsden directed a beam of particles at a piece of gold foil. 0033_hsps09_GRSW_Ch04.qxd 7/27/07 3:22 PM Page 37 Name ___________________________ Chapter 4 Class ___________________ Date _____________ Atomic Structure Section 4.2 The Structure of an Atom (pages 108–112) This section compares the properties of three subatomic particles. It also discusses atomic numbers, mass numbers, and isotopes. Reading Strategy (page 108) Monitoring Your Understanding Before you read, list in the table shown what you know about atoms and what you would like to learn. After you read, list what you have learned. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook. What I Know About Atoms Most students will know that atoms are the “building blocks” of matter, and some may know that atoms contain subatomic particles. What I Would Like to Learn Based on the title of the section, students may say that they want to learn more about the structure of atoms. Properties of Subatomic Particles What I Have Learned (pages 108–109) © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1. What are three subatomic particles? a. b. c. 2. Circle the letter that identifies a subatomic particle with a positive charge. a. nucleus b. proton c. neutron Comparing Subatomic Particles (pages 109–110) 3. Circle the letters of properties that vary among subatomic particles. a. color b. location in the atom c. charge 4. Circle the letter of the expression that accurately compares the masses of neutrons and protons. a. mass of 1 neutron = mass of 1 proton b. mass of 2000 neutrons = mass of 1 proton c. mass of 1 electron = mass of 1 proton Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Level B IPLS ■ Chapter 4 37 0033_hsps09_GRSW_Ch04.qxd 7/27/07 3:22 PM Page 38 Name ___________________________ Chapter 4 Class ___________________ Date _____________ Atomic Structure Atomic Number and Mass Number (page 110) 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Two atoms of the same element can have different numbers of protons. 6. The number of an element equals the number of protons in an atom of that element. 7. Is the following sentence true or false? Two different elements can have the same atomic number. 8. The number of an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom. 9. Complete the equation in the table below. Number of neutrons Mass number Isotopes (page 112) Use the words in the box below to fill in the blanks in questions 10–12. electrons neutrons isotopes protons and . 11. Every atom of a given element does not have the same number of . are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers. 13. All oxygen atoms have 8 protons. Circle the letter of the number of neutrons in an atom of oxygen-18. 12. a. 8 b. 10 c. 18 14. Is the following sentence true or false? Isotopes of oxygen have different chemical properties. 38 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Level B IPLS ■ Chapter 4 © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 10. Every atom of a given element has the same number of 0033_hsps09_GRSW_Ch04.qxd 7/27/07 3:22 PM Page 39 Name ___________________________ Chapter 4 Class ___________________ Date _____________ Atomic Structure Section 4.3 Modern Atomic Theory (pages 113–118) This section focuses on the arrangement and behavior of electrons in atoms. Reading Strategy (page 113) Sequencing After you read, complete the description in the flow chart below. Write how the gain or loss of energy affects electrons in atoms. For more information on this Reading Strategy, see the Reading and Study Skills in the Skills and Reference Handbook at the end of your textbook. Excited state Bohr’s Model of the Atom Emits energy (pages 113–116) 1. Circle the letter of the sentence that tells how Bohr’s model of the atom differed from Rutherford’s model. a. Bohr’s model focused on the nucleus. b. Bohr’s model focused on the protons. c. Bohr’s model focused on the electrons. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 2. What can happen to an electron in an atom when the atom gains or loses energy? 3. Is the following sentence true or false? When electrons release energy, some of the energy may be released as visible light. Electron Cloud Model (page 116) 4. Is the following sentence true or false? Bohr’s model was correct in assigning energy levels to electrons. 5. When trying to predict the locations and motions of electrons in atoms, scientists must work with . Circle the correct answer. precision probability accuracy 6. An is a visual model of the most likely locations for the electrons in an atom. Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Level B IPLS ■ Chapter 4 39 0033_hsps09_GRSW_Ch04.qxd 7/27/07 3:22 PM Page 40 Name ___________________________ Chapter 4 Class ___________________ Date _____________ Atomic Structure Atomic Orbitals (page 117) 7. Is the following sentence true or false? An orbital is a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found. Use this table to answer questions 8 and 9. Energy Level Number of Orbitals Maximum Number of Electrons 1 2 3 4 1 4 9 16 2 8 18 32 8. Higher energy levels have orbitals than lower energy levels do. 9. The maximum number of electrons in an energy level is times the number of orbitals. Electron Configurations (page 118) 10. Circle the letter of the number of energy levels needed for a lithium atom’s three electrons when the atom is in its ground state. 11. Is the following sentence true or false? An excited state is less stable than a ground state. 12. Circle the letters of each sentence that is true when all of the electrons in an atom are in orbitals with the lowest possible energies. a. The electrons are in the most stable configuration. b. The electrons are in an unstable configuration. c. The atom is in its ground state. 40 Physical Science Reading and Study Workbook Level B IPLS ■ Chapter 4 © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. a. one b. two c. three