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World War II Understanding the Pre-war Era Vocabulary • Totalitarianism – government regulates almost every aspect of public and private behavior • Fascism- government with very strong, authoritative government • Dictator- sole military ruler of a country • Black Shirts- Italian fascist terrorist group • Nazi- National socialist German workers party, fascist political party in Germany • Swastika- official symbol of the Nazi party • Third Reich- third German Empire (supposed to last 1000 years) Vocabulary (continued) • Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, United States • Axis Powers- Germany, Italy, Japan • Isolationists- people who did not want to enter the European war • Aryan- considered by Hitler to be the perfect human • SS- military component to Nazi party • Genocide- elimination of an entire race of people • Holocaust- German genocide in the 1930s-1940s • New World Order- extermination of all non-Aryans, their land would be given to Aryans who would then create a world with a single political and economic system Important People • Adolf Hitler – Dictator of Germany and leader of Nazi party • Benito Mussolini- Dictator of Italy • Hideki Tojo- leader of Japan • Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill- leaders of Great Britain • Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman- leaders of the United States • Joseph Stalin- ruler of Russia The World After WWI The Aftermath of War • Much of Europe suffered heavy damages from battle and had to rebuild • The loss of life created a huge strain on many countries’ economies, as did the debt many owed to the US • Colonies in Africa and Asia saw the postwar period as the perfect time to work toward independence • When the US economy collapsed in 1929, the worldwide depression deepened to an all-time low The Great Depression - France • • • • Most of WWI battles took place in France, so many cities were badly damaged and a lot of farmland was ruined The country had huge war debt to pay and very little money in treasury Spent over $200 million to build defense system against any future German invasion Experienced major economic troubles, but kicked out foreigners to keep unemployment levels low The Great Depression – England • After WWI ended, many factory workers lost their jobs • National unemployment rose to 20% • Government passed social reforms to help those without jobs (welfare, unemployment office, etc.) • Colonies started fighting for more rights, eventually Egypt became independent and India was granted the right to partial rule The Great Depression –U.S.A. • Had no damage in its borders from WWI battles and experienced prosperity until 1929 • Stock market crash caused entire economy to collapse • Unemployment rose to 30% • Pres. Roosevelt enacted New Deal – it helped create more jobs and give people money to pump into the economy The Great Depression - Italy • High unemployment caused social unrest • When government couldn’t help the people, they began to revolt • Many groups struggled for power • Italian king gave power to Mussolini to stop civil war from erupting • Mussolini promised to make Italy’s economy prosperous again Postwar Germany The Great Depression Germany • Had to accept blame for WWI and pay huge war reparations even though the country was broke • Economy collapsed, money was worthless • Cost billions for loaf of bread; became cheaper to burn money than to buy wood • Nazi party gained support because it promised to make Germany stronger and cut unemployment • Hitler gained popularity in the Nazi and was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933 • Government passed many reforms to rebuild economy The German Economy • • • • The country was in economic ruin and many Germans had their life savings wiped out The number of homeless people soared as unemployment rose higher; Millions of soldiers returned home to find no jobs available While Germany began to rebuild its economy in the late 1920s, the US stock market crash created even more problems German currency lost its value so fast that the economy went into hyperinflation; the government couldn’t even print money fast enough to reflect its current value Government Problems: 19191924 • The German people blamed the Weimar government for all of the economic problems • They believed German officials shouldn’t have signed the Treaty of Versailles • All of the profits from their economy were sent directly to the Allies as reparations pay-outs • The government was unable to make decisions quickly and groups began questioning its ability to lead • Extremist groups gained popularity and attempted to wrestle power from the Weimar government A New Generation of World Leaders Adolf Hitler • Very smart, had a talent for public speaking • Realized that the German people needed to unite around a common cause before the country could regain its strength • Eliminated opposition and argument to prevent people from getting distracted from Germany’s goal: world domination Benito Mussolini • Used threats, violence, and political skills to gain and maintain power • Wanted to control all aspects of the daily lives of his people, including their thoughts, feelings, and actions • Was a firm believer of totalitarian government Hideki Tojo • Very sharp, able to make quick decisions • Wanted to make Japan a strong imperial power • Worked closely with military officials and the emperor Neville Chamberlain • Worked hard to rebuild Britain after the war • Strongly believed the world needed a period of peace to recover from the deadliest war in history Franklin Roosevelt • Believed government has responsibility to take care of its citizens • Felt he needed to market himself to his people as strong, smart, and caring Joseph Stalin • Did not tolerate dissent • Used fear, terror and mistrust to keep control of his country • Didn’t trust his own advisors, refused to give them access to certain governmental information The Kellogg-Briand Pact • • • Made war illegal, more than 60 nations signed First test of the pact happened when Japan invaded China; League of nations said they were unhappy with Japan but would not act; Japan withdrew from the League Then Italy attacked and conquered Ethiopia; no country wanted to stand up and enforce the pact