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The Second World War: Background 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHO: Axis: Germany Japan Italy Allies: Great Britain (England) France Russia USA 2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Axis Rally in Tokyo 3 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT: WAR- Truly Global Fully industrialized and mechanized Led to the 45 years of the Cold War 4 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHERE: Practically Everywhere 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHEN: Officially, 1939-1945 However, Japan began its war in China in 1931. This is often forgotten. 6 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. HOW: “Revisionists:” especially in Germany wished to revise post-World War I peace treaties (especially the …?) Fascist and/or Militaristic leaders took over governments in Italy, Germany and Japan Allies initially follow policy of appeasement This fails to soothe the new fascist powers, and instead emboldens them War erupts 1939, global by 1941, over 1945 7 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Japan’s War in China Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931-1932 Full-scale invasion in 1937 The Rape of Nanjing Arial bombing of urban center 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred 7,000 women raped 1/3 of all homes destroyed Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940), Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941)Chinese Resistance If you are sensitive you may not want to look at the next slide. 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nanjing Massacre 9 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Italian Aggression Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force 2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed Also takes Libya, Albania 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Germany Adolf Hitler (18891945) withdraws from League of Nations Remilitarizes Germany Anschluss (“Union”) with Austria, 1938 Pressure on Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) 11 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Munich Conference (1938) Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany meet Allies follow policy of appeasement Hitler promises to halt expansion British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) promises “peace for our time” Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of Non-Aggression (August 1939) 12 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Invasion of Poland and France September 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” strategy Air forces soften up target, armored divisions rush in German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic, threaten British shipping (just like during…?) 13 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Fall of France 1940: Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France Hitler forces French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for the armistice imposed on Germany in 1918 Once again--dissatisfaction with Treaty of Versailles and need for revenge. How it played out… 14 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Battle of Britain Air war conducted by the German Luftwaffe “The Blitz” 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids Especially London Royal Air Force prevents Germans from invading 15 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Operation Barbarossa Lebensraum (“living space”) June 22, 1941 Hitler double-crosses Stalin and invades USSR Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts Soviets regroup and attack Spring 1942 Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad (ends February 1943) 16 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. High tide of Axis expansion in Europe and North Africa 17 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. US Involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor US initiates “cash and carry” policy to supply Allies with arms “lend-lease” program: US lends war goods to Allies, leases naval bases in return US freezes Japanese assets in US US places embargo on oil shipments to Japan Japanese Defense Minister Tojo Hideki (18841948) plans for war with US 18 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) FDR: “A date which will live in infamy” Destroyed US Navy in the Pacific Hitler, Mussolini declare war on the US on December 11 US joins Great Britain and the USSR 19 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Wreckage from Pearl Harbor 20 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Japanese Victories Japan dominates south-east Asia, Pacific islands Establishes “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” 21 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. World War II in Asia and the Pacific 22 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Defeat of the Axis Powers Key factors: Russia & USA had more personnel reserves (more people) & industrial capacity (more resources) than Axis US joining the war turned the tide Shipbuilding, automotive production especially important 23 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Allied Victory in Europe Red Army (USSR) gains offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943) British, US forces attack in North Africa, Italy D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and US forces land in France (we will view this on Friday) US, Britain bomb German cities (firebombing) Dresden, February 1945: 135,000 Germans killed in shelters 30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide, 8 May Germany surrenders 24 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Turning the Tide in the Pacific US code breaking operation Magic discovers Japanese plans Battle of Midway (4 June 1942) US takes the offensive, engages in island-hopping strategy Iwo Jima and Okinawa Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers Savage two-month battle for Okinawa (Highly recommended: Letters From Iwo Jima) 25 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Japanese Surrender US firebombs Tokyo, March 1945 100,000 killed 25% of buildings destroyed Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 6th and 9th, 1945 Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) surrenders unconditionally September 2, 1945 26 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hiroshima after the Bomb 27 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Deaths During World War II (millions) 0.3 0.4 6 6 20 2 4 15 USSR China Germany Japan Poles Britain US Jews 28 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women and the War WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service) US, Great Britain bar women from serving in combat units Soviet, Chinese forces include women fighters Women very active in resistance movements 29 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women’s Roles Women occupy jobs of men away at war Also take on “head of household” duties Temporary: men returning from war displace women Yet lasting impact on women’s movement 30 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. “Comfort Women” Asian women forced into prostitution by Japanese forces 20/30 men per day, in war zones “Comfort Houses,” “Consolation Centers” Killed when infected with venereal disease Large-scale massacres at end of war to hide crimes Social ostracism for survivors 31 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Deaths During World War II (millions) 0.3 0.4 6 6 20 2 4 15 USSR China Germany Japan Poles Britain US Jews 32 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Origins of the Cold War US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World War II Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945) Tensions submerged until close of war Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt Decided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting up of International Military Tribunal Free elections for Eastern Europe Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern European countries 1946: “Iron Curtain” descends 33 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Truman Doctrine (1947) World divided into free and enslaved states US to support all movements for democracy “containment” of Communism NATO and the Warsaw Pact established Militarization of Cold War 34 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Marshall Plan Named for George C. Marshall (1880-1989), US Secretary of State Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe USSR establishes Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949 The United Nations formed (1945) to resolve international disputes 35 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.