* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Causes of World War II
Survey
Document related concepts
Catholic bishops in Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
German–Soviet Axis talks wikipedia , lookup
Diplomatic history of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Propaganda in Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
End of World War II in Europe wikipedia , lookup
Anglo-German Naval Agreement wikipedia , lookup
Fascism in Europe wikipedia , lookup
World War II and American animation wikipedia , lookup
Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
New Order (Nazism) wikipedia , lookup
Nazi views on Catholicism wikipedia , lookup
Appeasement wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Causes of World War II Chapter 28 Almost Done Nazis and Hitler TOTALITARIANISM • Contrast totalitarianism with conservative authoritarianism – Conservative authoritarianism: traditional form of antidemocratic government in Europe • (e.g., Metternich, Catherine the Great) • Prevented major changes undermining existing social order – Popular participation in government forbidden or severely limited • Limited in power and in objectives (usually sought status quo) – Lacked modern technology and communications and could not control many aspects of their subjects’ lives. – Usually limited demands to taxes, army recruits, and passive acceptance of the regime • Conservative Authoritarianism revived after WWI, especially in less-developed Eastern Europe and Spain and Portugal; only Czechoslovakia remained democratic. – Great Depression ended various levels of democracy in Austria, Bulgaria, Rumania, Greece, Estonia, and Latvia – Totalitarianism: dictatorship that tried to control every aspect of the lives of the people. • New technology made this possible: radio, automobile, telephone • Tools of totalitarianism: censorship, indoctrination, terror • Existed first in Russia, then Italy?, Japan and Germany (sought expansion, except Russia) Fall of Weimar Republic • Fall of Weimar Republic the result of the Great Depression – Unemployment reached 43% by end of 1932 – Hitler began promising German voters economic, political, and military salvation. • Hitler promised big business leaders he would restore the economy by breaking Germany’s strong labor movement and reducing workers’ wages if necessary. • Hitler assured top army leaders that the Nazis would reject the Versailles Treaty and rearm Germany. • Nazis also appealed to German youth: 40% of party under age 30 in 1931; 67% under 40 – 1930, Chancellor gained permission from President Hindenburg for emergency rule by decree – Struggle between Social Democrats & Communists contributed to breakdown of government. – Nazi's won largest percentage of votes in the Reichstag in 1933 elections – Hitler becomes Chancellor on January 30, 1933; appointed by Hindenburg. Nazis and Hitler NAZI GERMANY • Roots of Nazism: Extreme nationalism + racism = Nazism • Adolf Hitler became leader of National German Workers Party (NAZI) after WWI – S.A.: "Brown Shirts“ (Sturmabteilung) terrorized political opponents on the streets – Beer Hall Putsch, 1923: Hitler failed to overthrow Bavaria and sentenced to 1 year in jail • Hitler realized he'd have to take control of Germany legally, not through revolution • Mein Kampf, 1923 written while in jail: became the blueprint for Hitler's future plans – lebensraum (“living space”): Germans should expand east, liquidate the Jews and turn the Slavs into slave labor – anti-Semitism: Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany's political and economic problems – Leader-dictator, Fuhrer, would have unlimited arbitrary power Nazis and Hitler Third Reich (1933-1945) • Hitler consolidates power – Reichstag fire occurred during violent electoral campaign: used by Nazis to crack down on communists – Enabling Act (March 1933) passed by Reichstag – Gleichschaltung (“coordination”) • Gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years • Only the Nazi party was legal – Hitler outlawed strikes and abolished independent labor unions. – Publishers, universities, and writers brought into line • Democratic, socialist, and Jewish literature put on blacklists. • Students and professors burned forbidden books in public squares. • Modern art and architecture was prohibited ("degenerate art") • • Joseph Goebbles: minister of propaganda effectively glorified Hitler and the Nazi state “Night of Long Knives” (June 1934) – Hitler realized the army and big business were suspicious of the S.A. – Hitler’s elite personal guard—the SS (Schutzstaffel) —arrested and shot without trial about 1,000 SA leaders and other political enemies. • S.S. grew dramatically in influence as Hitler's private army and secret police – Led by Heinrich Himmler – SS joined with the political police, the Gestapo, to expand its network of special courts and concentration camps. Nazis and Hitler Third Reich (1933-1945) • Persecution of Jews – By the end of 1934, most Jewish lawyers, doctors, professors, civil servants, and musicians had lost their jobs and the right to practice their professions. – Nuremburg Laws of 1935 deprived Jews of all rights of citizenship. – By 1938, 25% of German Jews had emigrated (many were the "cream of the crop") – Kristallnacht (“The Night of Broken Glass”) -- 1938 • Using assassination of a German diplomat in Paris by young Jewish boy as pretense, Hitler ordered an attack on Jewish communities. • Well-organized wave of violence destroyed homes, synagogues, and businesses. • Thousands of Jews were arrested and made to pay for the damage. – Holocaust: 6 million European Jews eventually killed during WWII ("Final Solution") – Other victims of persecution included Slavs, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, communists, homosexuals, mentally handicapped, and political opponents (totaled 6 million by 1945) • Hitler Youth: Nazis indoctrinated German youths along – Children encouraged to turn in teachers or even their parents if they seemed disloyal to the Reich Nazis and Hitler Third Reich (1933-45) • German economic recovery contributed to Hitler's soaring popularity – Hitler delivered on his economic promise of “work and bread.” – Large public works program started to get Germany out of the depression. • Included superhighways (autobahn), offices, gigantic sports stadiums, and public housing. – 1936, Germany began rearmament and government spending began to focus on the military. – Results: • • • • • Unemployment dropped from 6 million in January 1933, to about one million in late 1936. 1938, shortage of workers; women took many jobs earlier denied by antifeminist Nazis. By 1938 standard of living for the average employed worker increased moderately. Profits of business rose sharply. Nazi society: was there really a social revolution? – Quantitative studies show that well-educated classes held on to most of their advantages. – Only a modest social leveling occurred. – Like Italy, women were viewed as housewives and mothers. • Only in wartime were large numbers of women mobilized for work in offices & factories. Great Depression The Great Depression (1929-1933) • Shattered the fragile optimism of political leaders in the late 1920s • Causes – Long-term problems with the U.S. economy: weak international economy, overproduction, unstable banking, certain weak industries, 1/2 of all Americans lived below poverty line. – Stock Market Crash (1929) may have triggered U.S. depression that spread world wide • Impact on Europe – Decline of production occurred in every country (except Russia with its command economy). • Mass unemployment resulted: Germany hit hardest (43%); Britain 18%, U.S. 25% – In 1931, Britain went off the gold standard; 20 other countries followed suit – 1930, U.S. instituted extremely high tariff which resulted in retaliation by 23 other countries. – New York bankers began recalling loans made to Germany and other European countries, thus exacerbating Europe’s economic crisis. – Mass unemployment Great Depression American Recovery • Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" in U.S. sought to reform capitalism with increased government intervention in the economy – Influenced certain European countries – Keynesian approach (developed by John Maynard Keynes) used after 1938 to permanently prop up the economy through public works programs and subsidies. Great Depression British recovery • Orthodox economic theory followed after 1929: went off gold-standard, reorganized industry, increased tariffs, reformed finances, cut government spending, balanced budget (although unemployed workers received barely enough welfare to live on) • Economy recovered considerably after 1932. – Years after 1932 actually better than in the 1920s. – Like the U.S. Britain came out permanently from depression due to rearmament for WWII Great Depression France • Felt impact of depression later as it wasn't as highly industrialized as Britain, Germany & US – The depression increased class tensions and gave birth to a radical right that supported government reorganization along fascist lines. • Popular Front: Threat of fascism prompted coalition of republicans, socialists, communists and radicals; led by Leon Blum – “French New Deal”: Inspired by US New Deal, encouraged union movement and launched far-reaching program of social reform, complete with paid vacations and a 40-hr work week. • Failed due to high inflation and agitation from fascists and frightened conservatives in the Senate. • French divisions resulting from Spanish Civil War destroyed Popular Front in 1936 • France remained divided as Germany continued its rearmament in late 1930s Road to World War II WORLD WAR II • Failure of collective security – Treaty of Versailles did not create an enduring peace by severely punishing Germany and triggering future resentment against the "dictated peace." • League of Nations, without (US & USSR) didn't have will nor support to maintain peace. – Washington Naval Conference, 1921-22: did not stop naval arms race • Five Power Treaty: created a 5-5-3 battleship ratio between U.S., Britain and Japan • Four Power Treaty replaced Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902: Bound Br., Japan, France, and U.S. to preserve status quo in the Pacific, a concession to Japan’s favor. • Nine Power Treaty agreed to uphold the Open Door in China – Locarno Pact, 1925: "spirit of Locarno" no longer relevant once Hitler took power – Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928: "war is illegal"; not enforceable – Great Depression resulted in the rise of fascism in Japan and Germany – Japanese invasion of Manchuria, 1931: League did little; Japan pulled out of League Road to World War II World War II • • Hitler withdrew from League of Nations, 1933: secretly begins rearmament Stresa Front, 1935: Mussolini and others concerned Hitler withdrew from Versailles Treaty – – • • Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 1935: League of Nations ineffective in its actions and protests Spanish Civil War, 1936: Mussolini and Hitler use conflict as a testing ground for their military forces: Italy's army; Germany's airforce -- Luftwaffe – – – • • Fascism prevails under Francisco Franco; also known as Falangists (or Royalists) League ineffective in helping republicans (Loyalists) against Franco. Rome-Berlin Axis formed )"Fascintern"): an alliance between fascist Italy and Germany German reoccupation of the Rhineland, 1936: violated Versailles Treaty and Locarno Pact – • Italy, France, and Britain protested strongly, understanding the danger; agreed to use force to maintain status quo. However only a year later, Mussolini allied with Hitler to help fascists win in Spain France unwilling to enforce the treaty without British aid; British didn't want another war Anti-Comintern Pact, 1937: Italy signed with Germany to oppose communism in Europe. Japan invades China, 1937: world watches the "rape of Shanghai" but does little Road to World War II Road to World War II • Hitler repudiates Versailles Treaty and begins massive rearmament in mid-1930s • Anschluss: Germany annexes Austria, 1938 • Sudetenland: Hitler demanded the German-speaking province in Czechoslovakia or else there would be war – Munich Conference, 1938 arranged by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain • – British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain adopted a policy of appeasement • – – – • Pacifism is prevalent in Britain and France: memories of horrors of WWI; don't want war Agreement: Czechoslovakia forced to give away Sudetenland Chamberlain returns to Britain a hero: "peace in our time" Hitler makes demands on port city of Danzig in the Polish Corridor Chamberlain says if Germany attacks Poland there will be war Hitler does not want a two-front war against France & Britain in west and Russia in east Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, Aug. 1939 – – – – • Appeasement: making concessions to an aggressor in order to achieve peace German invasion of Czechoslovakia, spring1939: Hitler double-crosses Chamberlain – – – • Attended by Britain, France, Italy & Germany; Czechoslovakia or Russia not invited! World shocked that archenemies Hitler and Stalin would make such an agreement Hitler sought assurances USSR would not attack Germany if Germany invaded Poland Public agreement: nonaggression treaty Private agreement: Germany and USSR would invade Poland and split the country in half. Germany invades Poland, Sept. 1, 1939: marks beginning of World War II – September 3, Britain & France declare war on Germany