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Transcript
World War II Part 1: The Rise Of Nazi Germany Benito Mussolini • Mussolini fought in World War I. • In March 1919, he formed the Fascist Party . • On October 28, 1922, the Fascists undertook their famous “March on Rome.” • Mussolini’s followers occupied the capital. • Fascists achieved their first parliamentary majority by using violent tactics of intimidation to secure votes. • Mussolini destroyed political parties and made Italy into a one-party dictatorship. Adolf Hitler • Adolf Hitler was born in Austria. • Joined the German army in World War I. • Believed in the racial superiority of the Aryan (German) people and was committed to providing Lebensraum (living space) for his “master race.” Nazi Party • After WW1, Hitler entered politics by joining the National Socialists Party (Nazi), and soon took over the party. • In 1923, Hitler and the Nazi’s tried to overthrow government, but failed and Hitler sent to jail. • Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in jail. Mein Kampf Quotes • “The worst danger is that we are interrupting the natural selection process ourselves (by caring for the sick and the weak).” • “The [Nazi party] should not become a constable of public opinion, but must dominate it. It must not become a servant of the masses, but their master!” • “...the personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew.” Chancellor Adolf Hitler • Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933 through legal means. • Hitler claimed Germany was on verge of Communist revolution and persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag (Parliament) to consent to a series of emergency laws, which Nazis used to establish themselves in power. • Hitler removed all political parties of Germany except the Nazi party. • Within two months, Germany was a police state and Hitler was dictator. The Third Reich • Hitler was dictator now, was called the “Führer” • Goal was the unite all German speaking lands. • Three goals for the Nazi state: Lebensraum, rearmament, and economic recovery. • Hitler started to round up Jews and placing them in Ghettos and eventually concentration camps. • For the next six year, Germany began building an army worthy of the new Reich. Propaganda • Joseph Goebbels was Reich Minister of Propaganda. • German audience continually reminded of struggle of the Nazi Party and greatness of German culture. • “Heroic Art” portrayed only Aryan men as heroic and strong. • Hitler was glorified like a God. • Jews were depicted as animals or evil monsters. Jewish “Problem” • By beginning of 1939, Nazi policy focused on promoting the “emigration” of Jews from Germany. • Heinrich Himmler and the SS shared Hitler’s racial ideology. • Reinhard Heydrich given responsibility for what Nazis called their Final Solution to the Jewish problem – extermination. Jewish “Problem” • After defeat of Poland, Heydrich ordered special strike forces to round up all Polish Jews and concentrate them in ghettos. • Eventually, death squads entered the ghettos. Their job was to round up as many Jews as possible and execute them. • Often times, the Jews dug their own graves before they were executed. • As many as one million Jews were killed through this fashion, but was soon perceived as inadequate. • Nazis opted for the systematic annihilation of Jews in specially built death camps. Hitler Makes His Move • In March 1938, German forces marched in Austria, they were cheered by Austrians. • European leaders sought to avoid war through appeasement. • British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Premier had conference with Hitler in Munich. • Hitler demanded the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, they agreed. • Hitler “promised” for no more expansion. Czechoslovakia Seized • Six months after Munich Conference, Hitler occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia. • Seizure finally showed that Hitler’s demands were not limited to German speaking areas but instead determined by the need for Lebensraum (living space) for the “Master Race.” • Obvious Poland was Hitler’s next target. • On March 31, 1939, Britain and France extended a formal guarantee to support Poland in the event of a German attack. • Mussolini took advantage of the European situation by invading Albania on April 1939. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact • The Soviet Union potentially faced war on two fronts against Germany in the west and Japan in the east. • On August 23, 1939 the German-Soviet NonAggression Pact signed. • Agreement consisted of a 10year nonaggression pact. • Partitioning of Eastern Europe between both nations. • USSR will supply vast quantities of raw materials to Germany in exchange for military technology and finished goods. Neutrality • “This nation will remain a neutral nation…” • Neutrality Act (1935) passed by Congress. It prohibited American munitions sales to any nations at war. • The message was clear: the United States would take care of its own problems; Europe should do the same.