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Standard 10.8 Causes and Consequences of World War II. Drives for Empire Italy- Mussolini 1935-Invaded Ethiopia 1939- Conquers Albania Joins, the French Alliance System, to help contain Germany Although, becomes an Axis Power 1936 Rome Berlin Axis Pact May 22, 1939- Hitler/Mussolini Sign the “Pact of Steel” - Isolate Poland Drive for Empire Germany- Hitler Germany Occupies the Rhineland 1936 Germany Annexes the Austria 1938 Germany Seizes Czechoslovakia After the Munich Conference- France and Britain Let Germany take the Sudetenland Stalin Hitler Pact 1939 Drive for Empire Japanese Invaded Manchuria in 1931 1922 Japan signs treaty to respect Chinas Borders 1928 Japan Signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact 1930 the Great Depression puts the Military in control 1936 Allies with Germany 1937 Invades China- Rape of Nanking Stalin-Hitler Pact 1939 British and French Competing for Stalin Secret Agenda Soviet Union would have the Baltic states of Eastern Europe as long as she remained true to the Pact Whereas Germany would have Western Europe. Now a war was inevitable with Russia in a neutral corner as it seen from a public's point of view. One month later, the Germans invade Poland and Russia takes her piece: the Baltic states. Alliances Axis- Tripartite Pact 1940 Berlin Germany Japan Italy Minor Hungary Romania Bulgaria Yugoslavia Finland Iraq Thailand Allies Poland Britain France United States Iran Appeasement "the policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous.” Most Famous Chamberlain Britain And Germany Hitler Non-intervention/Isolationism Foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense. Isolationism- nonintervention combined with economic nationalism Two Examples George Washington and Thomas Jefferson -Avoiding wars In Europe Germany’s Triumphant Defeat of Poland The Phony War Rescue at Dunkirk Wars in the North Attack in the West Britain Stands Alone Battle of Britain and the Blitz American Backs Britain Italy goes to war Germans Enter the Mediterranean Barbarossa Massacre and Starvation The Defeat of Poland Whirlwind attack September 1, 1939 Poles were poorly equipped compared to the Germans Still depended on Horses for transportation German’s tried out a new style of Hard Hitting, fast moving warfare____ Germans Surrounded the Polish Capital ________, the Poles were hit hard with heavy __________ The Poles Surrendered on Sept 27, 1939 Stalin’s Next Move Stalin invades Eastern Europe September 17, 1939 Easily Annex’s: Eastern Poland, Lithuanian, Estonia, and Latvia. He also attempts to take over Finland. Stalin sends 1 Million troops to Finland in November. Soviets expected this to be a quick battle Unprepared to fight in the dead of winter. Stalin’s Fight with the Finns The Finn’s were outnumber and out gunned, but fought fiercely Making progress Soviets suffered Although Victorious through surrender March 1940 Sweden Stays Neutral Defeat in Poland Continued Katyn Massacre- Soviet Union took Eastern Poland and captured thousands of prisoners 20,000 Poles were massacred, by the Soviet Secret Police and buried in mass graves Later to be found by the Germans in 1941 Phony War France/Britain Declare War and mobilize army on the Maginot line Germans on the Siegfried Line Boredom = Retreat Hitler Hitler launches a surprise attack on Denmark and Norway Denmark falls within hours 2 Months Later (June) Norway falls Building a force to block the Baltic Sea Fall of France Hitler Sweeps through Belgium and Luxembourg Hitler sends troops to heavily wooded areas H squeezes by the Maginot Line, moving across France in 10 days meeting up with other German troops in Belgium May 1940 German Troops trapped allied soldiers in Northern France, who retreated to Dunkirk France Falls May 1940 France is trapped in Northern France OUT NUMBERED OUT GUNNED With their Backs to the sea Britain sends 850 ships to their Rescue Royal Navy Ships Yachts Lifeboats/ Motor boats Paddle Streamers Fishing Boats Dunkirk From MAY 26-June 4 These ships carried out 338,000 Soldiers France falls after Dunkirk Resistance crumbled June 14 Germans had taken Paris Germans took N France Petain took southern France, and made Vichy the Capital Charles de Gaulle, creates energy to retake France This Organized French Military Forces will battle Germany till 1944 Battle of Britain Britain Stands alone, after the fall of France New Prime Minister Winston Churchill His nation would never give in His radio broadcasts were inspirational: “We Shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets…. We shall never surrender” Churchill stated he had “nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.” Battle of Britain Home Guard Britain prepared to face German invasion: beaches were blocked with mines and barbed wire, and small concrete boxes were built. Home Guard was made up of more than 1 million men. Nicknamed “Dad’s Army,” because they were too old to serve These men were the look out for German Paratroopers and spies Battle of Britain Many Aliens, non British people were imprisoned in camps. Many were from Germany, Austria, and Italy, but all opposed Nazism and Fascism These prisoners were eventually release and served in the British war effort Battle of Britain Hitler’s plan of attack Knock out the RAF Then land more than 250,000 soldiers on shore Summer 1940, Luftwaffe began bombing Britain Attacking British air fields, and aircraft factories September 7, 1940, the Germans began to focus on cities, especially London To attempt to destroy British morale Although the British did not waiver Battle of Britain Although RAF were out numbered they began to fight back. Two technical devices Developed in the late 1930’s Electronic tracking system: RADAR Radar could tell the number, speed, and direction of the incoming war planes German code making machine named Enigma, which had been smuggled in the Britain in the 30’s. Battle of Britain Germany gave up daylight attacks in October 1940’s, in favor of night bombings At sunset sirens went off, and Londoners fled to the subway for shelter. Some hit in their basements The battle continued until May 10, 1941, Hitler calls of his attacks, and turns to the Mediterranean The Mediterranean and Eastern Front Hitler focus on the Balkans and the Soviet Union Axis attack North Africa Britain Strikes back War in the Balkans Hitler Invades the Soviet Union Axis Attack in North Africa Steel Pact had joined Hitler and Mussolini together, although Mussolini was neutral at the beginning of the war. After Hitler declared war on France and Britain, Mussolini Moves in to France Mussolini September 1940, ordered and attack on British controlled Egypt. The Suez canal was key to reaching oil fields in the Middle east Within a week, Italian troops pushed 60 miles inside Egypt forcing British Troops back This began a waiting game War in the Balkans Many German Generals were active in the Balkans, where Hitler planned his attack on his ally the USSR Build a base in Southeastern Europe to attack Soviets Also to ensure British did not interfere Early 1941, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary joined the Axis powers April 1941 Yugoslavia fell in 11 days Greece Surrendered in 17 days Hitler Invades the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa Attack took place early June 22, 1941 Invasion rolled on for weeks, German Troops pushed the soviet’s back 500 miles As Soviet troops retreated Germans burned and destroyed everything in the enemy’s path Sept 8, German forces put Leningrad under siege, which would eventually be cut off from the Soviet Union German soldiers cut of supplies, people in Leningrad were forced to eat live stock (cattle,Horse) and later dogs, cats, rats, and crows. Leningrad The people of Leningrad Refused to fail 1941-1942 Hitler impatient takes of Moscow, Oct 2, 1941 Hitler “NO RETREAT” German troops held their line 135 miles west of Moscow until March 1943 Cost Germans 500,000 lives Britain Strikes back December 1940, Britain strikes back results were disastrous for Italians British sweep 500 miles across N Africa and took 130,000 Italian Prisoners Hitler aids the Italians, through the Afrika krops lead by Erwin Rommel British were pushed back to Tobruk (489), resisted and pushed Rommel to where he started, Rommel fought back to Tobruk Huge blow the the Allied forces Rommel became known as the “Desert Fox” US Aides Allies Isolationism Neutrality Acts- made it illegal to sell arms or lend money to nations at war Sept 1939, FDR asked congress to allow Allies to buy American arms. Allies would pay cash and carry arms on their own ships (lend Lease Act) Atlantic charter Sept 4, German U boats fired at US destroyer in the Atlantic FDR ordered that all American ships would shoot U boats on Site Undeclared war was under way, but this is not what drew US in to war. War in the Pacific The United States Confronts Japan Pearl Harbor US goes to war Japan’s Lightening Victories Carrier Battle The Fight back begins US Confronts Japan 1940-41 US demands Japan withdraw forces from China and Indochina Japanese Refused US response to blocking supplies to Japan Tojo Becomes prime minister October 1941, planned to attack European colonies in Asia and the United States Japanese overran French Indo China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Americans were aware of Japanese plans, due to the cracking of their Codes Oct 1941 Lead up to Pearl Harbor 6 Japanese carriers- 400 aircraft, secretly left Japan headed for US on November 26 The carriers got within 250 miles before launching air craft Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Japan’s greatest naval strategist, called for an attack on the United States Fleet “a dagger pointed at {Japan’s} throat, and must be destroyed.” Yamamoto believed that the only way Japan could be victorious against the US was to wipe away their fleet Pearl Harbor A day in Infamy Sunday, December 7, 1941 7:48 AM The first wave of 185 Aircraft struck Pearl A second wave followed, where Americans began to fire back. Japan had not declared war on the United States 18 warships sunk or damaged 3 large warships were sunk: USS Arizona (exploded 1,000 men), USS West Virginia, USS Oklahoma 200 air craft destroyed Almost 2,400 Americans were killed 64 Japanese died US goes to war “I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United Sates and the Japanese Empire.” President Roosevelt’s speech to Congress calling for war on December 8, 1941 Germany declares war on the United States Japan’s Lighting Victory Initial success of the Japanese was great conquering Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, Dutch east Indies, and Burma. Also invading New Guinea American troops under Douglas MacArthur surrendered in the Philippines The Japanese conquest had given them the raw materials needed to continue in the war Oil from Dutch East Indies and rubber from Malaya. Turning point Americans go to war Allied Victory in North Africa Fall of Mussolini Stalingrad Soviets roll back the German’s tide Victory in the Atlantic Code breaker and Spies Strategic Bombing Allies Strike Back April 1942 16 B-52 Bomber, under Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle, bombed Tokyo and many other cities leaving the Japanese Vulnerable Tides begin to turn American morale shook the Japanese after being bombed in Tokyo May 1942 The Allies win the Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Midway was a Success for the Allies after Yamamoto withdrew his crippled fleet June 7, 1942 Allied Offensive High American Morale MacArthur and his grand Idea of “Island hoping,” to be more effective in the Pacific Battle of Guadalcanal- Allied Victory that lasted 6 months Japanese lose 24,000 out of 36,000 soldiers calling this the “Island of Death” North African Campaign Battle for Stalingrad Invasion of Italy D-Day The Battle of the Bulge Germany’s Unconditional Surrender Japanese retreat and Surrender Leaders Winston Churchill Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) Emperor Hirohito Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Joseph Stalin Douglas MacArthur Dwight Eisenhower Winston Churchill Comes to power through Chamberlain’s, resignation (failure in Norway) To his colleague’s a man who showed a warlike spirit Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) United States FDR President Dwight Eisenhower Douglas MacArthur Emperor Hirohito Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Joseph Stalin