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WWII Erupts in Europe A Brief Period of Prosperity Some countries, like the U.S., were strong during the post-WWI era Europe after WWI WWI caused the deaths of millions and destruction of property The Treaty of Versailles left many Europeans unhappy France thought treaty too easy on Germany Italy felt they should have been given land since they were on the winning side German government (Weimar Republic) was weak Ensuring Peace & Protecting New Nations? The League of Nations is weak It cannot convince countries to disarm Why might that be the case? It cannot help all of the new, struggling nations that were created It does not include the U.S., Germany, or the newly created Soviet Union Why would this make it weaker? Adolf Hitler Austrian- entered German politics because angry over Treaty of Versailles Joined small political party called National Socialists (Nazi) Became German Chancellor in 1933 Set up totalitarian dictatorship Secretly began to build up German Military The Situation in 1929 Germany relied on American money under the Dawes Plan to be able to pay for the Reparations. When the American Stock Market crash on Wall Street, the USA stopped lending money to Germany. The German economy went into recession. Germany 1933 By January 1933, unemployment had reached 6,000,000. No one would loan Germany money. The Weimar Government couldn’t do anything to help the unemployed. Hitler was elected on a promise to give the German people ‘Bread & Jobs.’ Impact of Hitler’s Policies on Unemployment 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 Series1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 3,773,000 2,974,000 2,520,000 1,853,000 1,052,000 302,000 Series2 6,014,000 How did Hitler put Germany back to work? RAD – The National Labour Service Gave men jobs in public work schemes Men in RAD had to wear a uniform & live in camps. They were given free meals and pocket money. Built: drainage ditches, schools, a new network of motorways and planted new forests. To improve the living conditions of the German people Kick start the Cycle of Prosperity What was the aim of Hitler’s Public Works Programme? To build impressive buildings so that the German people would feel proud To improve the public transport network for industrial & military use Autarky – National Self Sufficiency Hitler wanted to Germany a strong independent country that was sufficient in food and materials. Germany had lost the WWI because it had run out of food and war materials. German scientist developed all sorts of artificial substitutes such as petrol from coal and coffee from acorns. These new substitutes were made in Germany and gave the unemployed jobs in new industries. Hitler also encouraged the growth of the car industry. The Car Industry Designed by Porsche and nicked named ‘The Peoples Car’, known today as the ……? The Car Industry Recognise the design of this German Jeep called a Kubelwagen? Created Jobs in other industries because of the need for standardised parts. Produced low cost cars which helped to keep the German people happy Steel Car Industry Glass Rubber Car Production could easily be switched to the production of military vehicles Leather Cycle of Prosperity What other measures did Hitler introduce in order to reduce unemployment? By 1934 all Jews were fired from civil service jobs which were then given to German workers. Unemployed Jews were not registered. Women lost their jobs which were given to men. People who refused jobs offered by the labour service were arrested and put into concentration camps. Benito Mussolini In control in Italy by 1922 Founded Nationalist Fascist Party Established a dictatorship that allowed no other political parties Had total control over daily life of citizens Other Totalitarian Regimes Spain Francisco Franco took control after Spanish Civil war of 1930’s Fascist Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Crushed political opposition Japan Torn by political conflict Military leaders used violence to gain control of govt. Tojo Adolph Hitler Increases Power Hitler takes steps to increase German power Tries to unite Germany and Austria. Invades when Austria refuses (Anschluss-1938) Sends troops into the Rhineland (1939) 1. 2. Munich Conference: September 1938 Britain, France, Italy and Germany meet Britain and France agree to Hitler’s demands for land in exchange for peace (Appeasement) Allowed to annex German speaking portions of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland) Hitler Invades In 1939, Hitler will move into other countries March- Hitler sends troops into what remained of independent Czechoslovakia Establishes a pact with Italy, and a non-aggression treaty with Stalin - Stalin won’t stop Hitler, and Hitler won’t attack Soviet Union September 1st- Invades Poland Uses Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) Poland falls within a month War Declared September 3, 1939- Great Britain and France declare war on Germany (Allies) April 1940 Hitler invades Denmark and Norway May 1940- Germans invade France June 1940- Most of France falls to Germany French leaders flee to Great Britain American Neutrality Neutrality Legislation Isolationist ideals became stronger in 1930’s because many European countries could not pay debts to US. Congress will pass the Neutrality Act of 1935 Made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war (many believed this was what brought the US into WWI) After further violent escalation in Europe, Congress passes the Neutrality Act of 1937 Added to the 1935 Act- required anyone who wanted to purchase non-military supplies from US had to do so on “cash and carry” basis Destroyers for Bases Deal Roosevelt officially proclaimed the US neutral two days after Britain and France declared war on Germany 1940- Britain asked US to transfer old US Destroyers to Britain, who had lost nearly half of theirs • Roosevelt used loopholes in American neutrality acts that required cash for purchases. • Exchanged the right to build bases on British controlled islands (Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean) in exchange for 30 old American destroyers The Lend-Lease Act Proposed by Roosevelt in December 1940 Allowed the US to lend or lease arms to any country It considered “vital to the defense of the United States” Allowed the US to send weapons to the British if British promised to pay rent after the war was over. Passed- By end of program- US had lent more than $40 Billion in weapons, vehicles and supplies to the Allied war effort The Atlantic Charter August 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill met on American and British warships anchored near Newfoundland Agreed to Atlantic Charter Committed both nations to a postwar world of democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas By late September, an additional 15 non-Axis nations had signed The United States Enters World War II • Between August, 1939, and December, 1941, Roosevelt’s primary goal was to help Britain and its allies defeat Germany – Knew Britain had to keep much of its navy in Asia to protect British territories from Japanese attack. – When German submarines began sinking British ships in the Atlantic, British had to move warships from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic – This left the British Empire vulnerable to attack by Japan • Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking the British Empire – Japan relied on the US for many key materials (scrap iron, steel, and oil- 80% of Japan’s oil came from U.S) – July 1940- US Congress passes Export Control Act which restricts sale of strategic materials • Roosevelt immediately blocked sale or airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan. – Japan immediately signs alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming part of the Axis power Additional Action Against Japan • In 1941, Roosevelt also begins sending lend-lease aid to China – Japan had invaded China in 1937, and controlled much of the Chinese coast – Roosevelt hoped that the lend-lease aid would tie up the Japanese and prevent them from attacking elsewhere – Failed- Japan sends troops into southern Indo-China, and were threatening British ports – Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets in the U.S, reduced the amount of oil being shipped to Japan, and sent General Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses there. Japanese Response • Roosevelt made it clear that he would lift the oil embargo ONLY if Japan left Indochina and made peace with China • Japanese oil resources are running low – Japanese military began making plans to attack resource-rich British and Dutch Colonies in SE Asia – Decide to seize the Philippines – Make plans to attack the American fleet at Pearl Harbor – Could not risk leaving the US navy viable to stop their plans for conquest • Negotiations continue, but neither side would back down – November 26, 1941- 6 Japanese aircraft carriers, two battleships, and several other warships set sail for Hawaii • Nov. 27, 1941 – American intelligence decodes a Japanese communication that makes clear that Japan is planning to go to war with the United states – US commanders at Pearl Harbor receive a warning about attack from Washington – Hawaii not mentioned as a target – Washington doubted Japan would launch such a long-range attack • Japan attacks on the morning of December 7, 1941 – Sank or damaged 21 ships of the US Pacific Fleet which included Roosevelt asks Congress for a declaration of war on the next day • • • • • 8 battleships 3 cruisers 4 destroyers 6 other vessels 188 airplanes – Killed 2,403 Americans- Injured 1,178 Roosevelt’s Request to Congress Play: Roosevelt’s Speech (4:49) Germany and Italy both declare war on the United States on December 11th, 1941 Mobilizing for War • American industrial output was astounding- workers were more productive • US converted the economy to war production – Was able to do so quickly because the US economy had already started converting to war production even before a declaration of war – Preventative measure when Germany began to invade Tanks Replace Cars • Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, even more factory owners were willing to switch to war production – American car producers began to produce trucks, jeeps and tanks – Automobile factories also produced artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, and cooking pots. – Automobile industry produced nearly 1/3 of the military equipment manufactured during the war Building an Army • Within days of Germany’s attack on Poland, Roosevelt expanded the army to 227,000 soldiers • When France surrendered in June 1940, Congress introduced the Selective Service and Training Act – Plan for the first peacetime draft in American history – Approved in September by a wide margin Non-Traditional Soldiers • African American Soldiers – Still segregated – “Double V” Campaign • Women – Enlisted for first time but barred from combat – Mostly assigned to administrative and clerical positions The American Home Front World War II Women and Minorities Gain Ground • In contrast to Europe, WWII had a positive effect on society in America • Put an end to the Great Depression • Created almost 19 million new jobs •At the start of the war, defense factories wanted to hire white men • Lack of white men caused factory owners to recruit women and minorities to work in factories Women in the Defense Plants • During the Depression, many people believed married women should not work, especially if it meant taking jobs away from men • Due to the wartime labor shortage during WWII, married women were recruited to do industrial jobs that were traditionally reserved for men “Rosie the Riveter” was the symbol of the campaign to hire women - 2.5 Million women will work in industry African Americans Demand War Work • Factories continued to resist hiring African Americans • A. Philip Randolph informed Roosevelt that he was planning a large march on Washington to secure jobs • Roosevelt issued Executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 – Declared “There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color or national origin Japanese American Relocation • Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, many West Coast Americans turned their anger against Japanese Americans – Mobs attacked business and homes – Banks would not cash their checks – Grocers wouldn’t sell them food Japanese American Relocation • Newspapers printed rumors about Japanese spies in the American community • Many members of Congress, mayors, and business leaders demanded that all people of Japanese ancestry be removed from the West Coast – Did not believe Japanese Americans would remain loyal to the US when at war with Japan Japanese American Relocation • February 19, 1942 – President Roosevelt issues Executive Order – Ordered all people of Japanese ancestry to evacuate to 10 internment camps – Forced to sell businesses and could only take what they could carry Japanese American Relocation Daily Life • Demand for raw materials and supplies created shortages • The government began rationing or limiting the availability of materials to make sure there was enough for the military – Meat – Sugar – Gasoline Victory Gardens • Americans planted gardens to produce food • Any food they could grow would be less they needed to take from the soldiers Scrap Drives • Certain raw materials were so vital to the war effort that the government organizes scrap drives – Spare rubber, tin, aluminum and steel • Oils and fats were vital to production of explosives – Americans would exchange bacon grease and meat drippings for extra ration coupons War Bonds • To raise money for the war, the government raised taxes • To raise the rest of the money, the government sold bonds which could be cashed in in the future • Sold at $18.85, could be redeemed after 10 years for $25 • Raised nearly $150 Billion Propaganda “Der Fuhrer’s Face” and “The Spirit of ’43”