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Global Struggles Unit 7 1941-1960 America and World War II Pushing Back the Axis Chapter 21 Section 4 Striking Germany and Italy • Casablanca Conference – FDR and Churchill met in Morocco to set up a plan to bomb Germany – Goal: Progressive destruction of the German military, industrial, and economic system, and the undermining of the morale of the German people Striking Germany and Italy • Strategic Bombing – Great Britain’s Royal Air Force and the United States’ Eighth Army Air Force had been bombing Germany every month – This bombing campaign did not destroy Germany’s economy or undermine their morale but. . . – It did cause a severe oil shortage and wrecked the railroad system and destroyed many aircraft factories Striking Germany and Italy • Striking the Soft Underbelly – The idea was to attack Italy – if we attacked Italy then Italy would pull out of the war – General Eisenhower commanded the invasion – July 10, 1943 • Invasion of Italy began • Allied troops made it ashore with few casualties • American troops smashed through enemy lines and captured the western half of Sicily Striking Germany and Italy • Striking the Soft Underbelly – August 18 the Germans left the island – Italians did not like the turn of events so they decided to get rid of Mussolini • The King invited Mussolini to his place and told him he was no longer in charge • The King had Mussolini arrested and Italy began negotiating with the Allies to surrender – Germany seized control of Rome and reestablished Mussolini Striking Germany and Italy • Striking the Soft Underbelly – Anzio • • • • The Germans surrounded the Allied Troops Allies took 5 months to break the German Lines 2 weeks later the Allies captured Rome Fighting still lasted another year Striking Germany and Italy • The Tehran Conference – Stalin, FDR, and Churchill met in Iran – Stalin promised to launch a full scale offensive against the Germans – Roosevelt and Stalin agreed to divide Germany – Stalin promised to help the US against Japan Landing in France • Roosevelt and Churchill met to discuss an invasion of France – Commander of the Invasion – General Eisenhower Landing in France • Planning Operation Overlord – Hitler fortified the coast along the English Channel – Germany did not know where the Allies would land – The Allies placed dummy equipment in an area the Germans thought they would land – The real target was further south along the Normandy Coast Landing in France • Planning Operation Overlord – Picking a time to attack • • • • • • Invasion had to be at night Invasion had to at low tide Low tide had to be at dawn Invasion needed a moonlit night Weather had to be good June 5-7 was picked – June 5 – heavy cloud cover, strong winds, high waves – June 6, 1944 – Eisenhower gave the ok to begin the attack Landing in France • The Longest Day – 7,000 Ships holding more than 100,000 soldiers headed for the coast of Normandy – 23,000 Paratroopers dropped behind the lines – At dawn allied warships began a tremendous barrage Landing in France • The Longest Day – The Result • The American landing went well – less than 3 hours the troops had captured the beach and moved inland • British and Canadian landings also went well • Omaha Beach was a different story – General Omar Bradley began making plans to evacuate – The American troops began to slowly take down the Germans – 2,500 Americans were either killed or wounded • Operation Overlord or D-Day was a success Driving Japan Back • American Plan was to develop a two pronged attack – Pacific Fleet would advance through the Central Pacific by hopping from island to island – Another set of troops would advance through the Solomon Islands, capture the coast of New Guinea and then retake the Philippines Driving Japan Back • Island Hopping in the Pacific – We were ready in the fall of 1943 to begin the island hopping campaign • The geography of the land was a problem – the area was covered in coral reefs – The Landing Craft hit the coral reef the marines had to wade ashore in shoulder deep water – Only one marine out of 3 marines made it to the beach Driving Japan Back • Island Hopping in the Pacific – Amphtrac – boat with tank tracks – More than 1000 marines died on Tarawa – American troops were able to capture the majority of all islands in the Pacific that led us to Japan and we were able to start bombing Japan Driving Japan Back • MacArthur Returns – The American troops began by attacking Guadalcanal – MacArthur secured various islands and then went to the Philippines Driving Japan Back • MacArthur Returns – More than 700 ships sailed for Leyte Gulf – After MacArthur landed in the Philippines he announced to the people “I have returned” – Japanese sent four aircraft carriers to the Philippines to stop the Americans Driving Japan Back • MacArthur Returns – Leyte Gulf • The other Japanese aircraft and warships raced to the gulf and met the Americans there • Kamikaze Attacks – First time the Japanese used this tactic – Divine Wind • Japanese Commander believed more ships were on the way so he ordered a retreat • The Philippines are now in the Allies Hands