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Chapter #17
“Clouds of War”
Map of Europe prior to
war
Causes of WWII
• Treaty of Versailles: Germany
had to accept sole
responsibility for WWI.
• Germany had to pay 33 billion
in war reparations, which led to
terrible economic conditions.
Causes of WWII
• Failure of the League of Nations
• US never joins.
• Had little power to enforce will on
nations.
• Axis powers simply ignore, then
withdraw from the organization.
Causes of WWII
• Japanese Imperialism:
–Japan began expanding into
China, wanted to create an
empire that controlled southeast
Asia.
Japanese expansion
• Map
Causes of WWII
•World wide depression
–Led to the rise of dictatorships
across Europe.
–These leaders fixed the economies
of Europe through conquest and
military buildup.
Causes of WWII
The Rise of Fascism and Dictators
• The political unrest and poor
economic conditions enabled
dictatorships to rise in several
countries.
The Rise of Dictatorships
• Stalin in Russia.
• Mussolini in Italy.
• Hitler in Germany.
• General Hideki Tojo in Japan
Soviet Union
• Stalin ruled with an “iron
hand” using purges to set up
political domination.
• The government
nationalized the economy.
• Benito
Mussolini—
Italian
Dictator.
Italy--Mussolini
• Improved the economy.
• Outlawed political parties
other the the Fascists Party.
• Wanted to recreate the
Roman Empire.
Italy--Mussolini
• Italy looked to Africa to
fulfill its ambitions for an
empire.
• Italian troops invade Ethiopia
(Africa).
Hitler—Germany
• Adolph
Hitler.
• Dictator of
Germany.
Hitler—Germany
• Nazism was a form of
fascism shaped by Hitler’s
fanatical ideas about German
Nationalism and racial
superiority.
Hitler—Germany
• Used violence and
propaganda to promote his
ideas and power.
• Remilitarized and improved
the German Economy.
Hitler—Germany
• Hitler begins his policy of
expansion.
• Goal was to conquer Europe,
and to unite all German
speaking people.
Map pg. 572. Hitler—
Germany
• Hitler began reclaiming land
lost as a result of the WWI
peace terms (Treaty of
Versailles.)
• GB and FR begin policy of
appeasement.
“The Spanish Civil War”
• Hitler and Mussolini sent
troops, weapons, aircraft, and
advisers to aid setting up a
Spanish dictator.
Hitler Begins To March
• March, 1938--Germany
marches into Austria and
annexed it.
• Hitler declared he had to help
his “fellow Germans”
The Failure of
Appeasement
• Leaders of Great Britain and
France wanted peace so
badly that they choose to
give into Hitler's demands
rather than risk war.
The Failure of
Appeasement
• Hitler promises not to
acquire any further
territories in exchange for
part of Czechoslovakia.
Hitler Invades Poland
• GB and FR pledge to defend
Poland.
• Russia signed a nonaggression pact with
Germany.
WWII Begins
• On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany
invaded Poland and began
World War II.
• Both sides declare war.
The United States’ Policy
• Recognizes the Soviet Union
in 1933.
• Helped relations between the
two countries and opened up
the Soviet market to
American business.
The United States’ Policy
• Had a policy of neutrality.
• Most Americans did not want
to get involved in Europe's
problems--considered
“isolationist”
The United States’ Policy
• Blamed Industry for WWI.
• Felt the “merchants of
death” were a driving force
in the US’s involvement in
WWI.
American Neutrality
• Acts were passed in 1935 and in
1936, and 1937 to prevent
Americans from sending arms
to the nations at war.
• Americans were warned to
travel at their own risk.
American Neutrality
• Permitted sales of goods
other than weapons, but
only on a "cash and carry"
basis.
• 1941—change to become
“Arsenal for Democracy”
Genocide
• This is Germany’s deliberate
killing of millions of Jews,
beginning with those in the
newly acquired territory in
Poland.
Europe 1940--Map
The Phony War
• For the first seven months
there was no fighting.
• Allies thought they could
starve Hitler into submission.
Blitzkrieg
• This was a new tactic.
• “Lightning War”
• Rapid moving attack that
used a combination of air and
land based power.
Axis Conquests in Europe,
36-39--map
The Fall of France
• In four weeks, the Germans
cut the French army to
pieces, taken Paris, and
pinned the British against the
English Channel.
The Battle of Britain
• Hitler's attempt to take
Britain.
• His main Goal was to
remove the British air-force.
• Germany failed.
FDR Wins Election of 1940