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The Holocaust
“Sacrificed by fire”
Entrance to Birkenau Concentration Camp.
Early Persecution
Jewish lawyers line up to apply for permission to appear before the Berlin
courts. New regulations set forth in the Aryan Paragraph (a series of laws
enacted in April 1933 to purge Jews from various spheres of state and society)
allowed only 35 to appear before the court. Berlin, Germany, April 11, 1933.
Chart
illustrating
the
Nuremberg
laws. The
figures
represent
Germans,
Jews, and
Mischlinge.
Germany,
1935.
Passports issued to a German
Jewish couple, with "J" for "Jude"
stamped on the cards. Karlsruhe,
Germany, December 29, 1938.
"Aryanization" of Jewishowned businesses: a formerly
Jewish-owned store (Gummi
Weil) expropriated and
transferred to non-Jewish
ownership (Stamm and
Bassermann). Frankfurt,
Germany, 1938.
Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass”
Germans pass by the broken shop window of
a Jewish-owned business that was destroyed
during Kristallnacht in Berlin, Germany.
Euthanasia Program
A victim of the Nazi Euthanasia
Program: hospitalized in a
psychiatric ward for her
nonconformist beliefs and
writings, she was murdered on
January 26, 1944. Germany.
Buses used to transport patients to
Hadamar euthanasia center. The windows
were painted to prevent people from seeing
those inside. Germany, between May and
September 1941.
This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It
is captioned: "A moral and religious conception of life demands the prevention
of hereditarily ill offspring." Nazi propaganda aimed to create public support for
the compulsory sterilization effort.
Slide taken from a Nazi propaganda filmstrip, promoting "euthanasia," prepared
for the Hitler Youth. The caption says: "Mentally ill Negro (English) 16 years in
an institution costing 35,000 RM [Reichsmarks]." Place and date uncertain.
This image originates from a film produced by the Reich Propaganda Ministry. It
shows patients in an unidentified asylum. Their existence is described as "life
without hope." The Nazis sought, through propaganda, to develop public
sympathy for the Euthanasia Program.
Smoke rising from the chimney at Hadamar, one of
six facilities which carried out the Nazis' Euthanasia
Program. Hadamar, Germany, probably 1941.
Early Concentration
Camps
Arrival of political prisoners at the Oranienburg concentration
camp. Oranienburg, Germany, 1933.
Roll call for newly arrived prisoners, mostly Jews arrested
during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"), at the
Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, Germany,
1938.
Many of the early concentration camps were improvised. Here, roll call is
held for political prisoners aboard a ship used as a floating concentration
camp. Ochstumsand camp, near Bremen, Germany, 1933 or 1934.
Ghettos
Deportation of Jews from Hanau, near Frankfurt
am Main, to the Theresienstadt ghetto. Hanau,
Germany, May 30, 1942.
A sign, in both German and Latvian, warning that people
attempting to cross the fence or to contact inhabitants of
the Riga ghetto will be shot. Riga, Latvia, 1941-1943.
450,000 Jews lived in
the Warsaw Ghetto
alone, approx. the
population of
Portland. They were
all confined in an area
smaller than the
square mileage of
Woodburn.
Child forced laborer in a ghetto factory. Kovno,
Lithuania, between 1941 and 1944.
Dead man lying in the
street in the Warsaw
ghetto, probably dead
of starvation
Children eating in
the ghetto streets.
Warsaw, Poland,
between 1940 and
1943.
Vendor of bread in the Warsaw ghetto. This photograph was
probably taken in 1941. By then, hunger was so relentless
that the bread had to be protected by a cage so that it would
not be stolen. (Courtesy Dr. B. Wisniewski)
The Pianist
(14:45 – 20:40 and 39:15 – 41:00)
Resistance
Jewish resistance fighters captured by SS troops during the Warsaw
ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.
SS and Police Leader Juergen Stroop interrogates two Jews
arrested during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, April 19May 16, 1943.
Jewish homes in flames after the Nazis set residential buildings on fire in
an effort to force Jews out of hiding during the Warsaw ghetto uprising.
Poland, April 19-May 16, 1943.
Jewish partisans, survivors of the Warsaw ghetto uprising, at
a family camp in Wyszkow forest. Poland, 1944.
The Final Solution:
Einzatsgruppen and Extermination
Camps
Einzatsgruppen
Roundup of the Jews of Lubny, shortly before they were massacred by
Einsatzgruppe detachments. This photo, originally in color, was part of a
series taken by a German military photographer. Copies from this
collection were later used as evidence in war crimes trials. Lubny, Soviet
Union, October 16, 1941.
Members of an Einsatzkommando (mobile killing squad)
before shooting a Jewish youth. The boy's murdered family
lies in front of him; the men to the left are ethnic Germans
aiding the squad. Slarow, Soviet Union, July 4, 1941.
Ukrainian Jews who were forced to undress before they were massacred
by Einsatzgruppe detachments. This photo, originally in color, was part of
a series taken by a German military photographer. Copies from this
collection were later used as evidence in war crimes trials. Lubny, Soviet
Union, October 16, 1941.
Auschwitz
SS chief Heinrich Himmler leads an inspection of the
Mauthausen concentration camp. Austria, April 27, 1941.
Prisoners at forced labor in the
Siemens factory. Auschwitz camp,
Poland, 1940-1944.
Forced labor in the
quarry of the
Mauthausen
concentration camp.
Austria, date uncertain.
Prisoners at forced labor in the
brick factory at Neuengamme
concentration camp. Germany,
date uncertain.
Concentration camp
survivors recreating a
picture of what it was
like for sleeping
quarters.
Smokestacks from a concentration camp crematorium.
Hairbrushes
Entryway of Auschwitz gas chambers.
Ovens at Auschwitz
Death Marches
Prisoners on a death march from Dachau move towards the
south along the Noerdliche Muenchner street in Gruenwald.
April 29th, 1945.
A view of the death march from Dachau passing through villages in
the direction of Wolfratshausen. German civilians secretly
photographed several death marches from the Dachau concentration
camp as the prisoners moved slowly through the Bavarian towns of
Gruenwald, Wolfratshausen, and Herbertshausen. Few civilians gave
aid to the prisoners on the death marches. Germany, April 1945.
A view of a death march from Dachau. Germany, April 29, 1945.
An American soldier stands among the corpses of prisoners exhumed
from a mass grave in a ravine near Nammering. On April 19, 1945, a
freight train with nearly 4,500 prisoners from Buchenwald pulled onto the
railroad siding at Nammering. Hundreds of prisoners who had died on the
train were buried in the mass grave along with the prisoners who were
forced to carry the corpses to the ravine and were then shot. Germany, ca.
May 6, 1945.
An American soldier looks at the corpses of Polish, Russian, and
Hungarian Jews found in the woods near Neunburg vorm Wald. The
victims were prisoners from Flossenbürg who were shot near Neunburg
while on a death march. Germany, April 29, 1945.
Burned bodies of former prisoners of Rottleberode, a
subcamp of Dora-Mittelbau, lie near the entrance to a barn
that had been set afire by SS troops while the prisoners were
on a death march. Gardelegen, Germany, April 18, 1945.
U.S. troops and German civilians from Neunburg vorm Wald attend a
funeral service for Polish, Hungarian, and Russian Jews found in the
forest near their town. The victims were shot by the SS while on a death
march from Flossenbürg. Neunburg, Germany, April 29, 1945.
German civilians from Volary attend burial services for the Jewish women
exhumed from a mass grave in the town. The victims died at the end of a
death march from Helmbrechts, a subcamp of Flossenbürg. Volary,
Czechoslovakia, May 11, 1945.
Liberation
Soon after liberation, a Soviet physician examines Auschwitz
camp survivors. Poland, February 18, 1945.
Soon after liberation, camp survivors cook in a field. BergenBelsen, Germany, after April 15, 1945.
Emaciated survivors of the Buchenwald concentration camp soon after
the liberation of the camp. Germany, after April 11, 1945.
Piles of corpses, soon after the liberation of the Mauthausen
camp. Austria, after May 5, 1945.
An inmate of the Bergen-Belsen camp, after liberation.
Bergen-Belsen, Germany, after April 15, 1945.
Band of Brothers
“Why We Fight” (33:30-45:32)
Aftermath of the Holocaust