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Berlin Conference To Discuss the European colonization of Africa 1884-1885 Why did it happen? • By the late 1800’s European countries had already begun to colonize Africa • England controlled Egypt and the Suez Canal, much of East Africa, and South Africa • The French were in west and north Africa • Belgium controlled the Congo basin through King Leopold – War seemed to be on the horizon Why would it be Important to control this area? A Punch cartoon showing King Leopold of Belgium looking at the spoils of his African campaign. What impression do you get from this cartoon? Reasons for the Conference • • • • Protect trade routes National prestige Competition between England and France The White Man’s Burden - Civilizing effect on Africa – ports, railways, justice system, and the Christian religion. • Source of raw materials and markets for goods (mercantilism) • Threat of war between European countries • Quest for power – more land controlled = more power Why did Otto von Bismarck hold the conference? • There was a risk of conflict between colonial countries in the "Scramble for Africa". • Needed Rules • All the European powers and the USA (USA did not take part in the division) met in Berlin in 1884. • King Leopold of Belgium received Congo Basin. • New colonies had to be "effectively occupied". (You also had to officially defend and administer the area) • Recognized Germany as a world power. What effect did this have on the continent of Africa? • Divided Africa without any respect for tribal boundaries. • Plundered the African colonies without building up the infrastructure. • Led to disputes between tribal groups • When Europeans finally withdrew many countries were controlled by dictators World War I The Road to War Causes of WWI - Imperialism • Europe wanted colonies in the late 1800’s – Africa, Asia, Pacific Region • New markets for goods • Japan took land in both China and Korea • Germany was jealous of France and England's colonies Causes of WWI – Militarism • Countries began to build up their armies and navies • Military had become powerful in Europe • Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia planned for war Causes of WWI - Nationalism • Devotion to one’s nation • France had lost land to Germany – hard feelings • Austria-Hungary was losing control of ethnic groups that wanted independence • Russia protected Slavs in both Russia and Austria-Hungary Causes of WWI – Entangling Alliances • Germany was allied to Austria-Hungary • They agreed to help each other if one was attacked. • Russia and France had an alliance • Great Britain and France had a loose alliance called the Entente Cordial or Entente • The US had no alliances to the European Countries The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand • Serbia was controlled by Austria-Hungary but wanted their own country • The Archduke and his wife, Sofia were in Sarajevo to visit army troops (heir to Austro-Hungarian Throne) • Group called the “Black Hand” planned to assassinate the Archduke • They stationed 22 men every 500 yards along a motorcade route – each had a grenade and a pistol • The first attempt failed (grenade) • The Archduke made a stop at city hall and was urged to leaveFirst World War.com - Vintage Video - Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, 1914 • He left city hall and came to a turn in the route and the car slowed down • A man named Gavrila Princip drew a pistol and shot pregnant Sofia in the stomach killing her instantly • He then shot the archduke near the heart – his only words before he died were “Sofia.” • Germany issues a “blank check” to help Austria-Hungary How the war expanded in Europe • • • • Russia was Serbia’s ally France was Russia’s Ally Germany was Austria-Hungary’s ally Germany invaded Belgium and that brought in England • Italy, although allied to both Germany and Austria-Hungary, remained neutral the first year before joining the allies World War I Alliances Europe Divided Central Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire Europe Divided Allied Powers Russia France Great Britain (England) Serbia Attitude of the combatants • Austria-Hungary forced the war by delivering an ultimatum to Serbia • Both thought the war would be over in a few months. Schlieffen Plan • Plan to fight on two fronts • Mobilize quickly before Russia could mobilize • Disregard Belgium’s and Luxembourg’s neutrality and sweep through those countries • Defeat the French army by attacking and forcing them to surrender • Got the Germans to about 30 miles short of Paris Stalemate • The Germans were outside of Paris • Both the French and the Germans were in rat infested trenches • Neither could gain the advantage • Russia attacked on the eastern front and the Germans had to send troops Disease in the trenches • Black and brown rats – especially brown would eat the dead and get to be large – they could not get rid of them – they ran across the soldiers faces at night • Lice would cause itching and Trench Fever (severe pain and high fever) • Frogs, slugs, and beetles • Trench Foot – fungal infection that could lead to amputation Modern Warfare • Machine Guns – could fire 450 rounds a minute • Grenades – there were hand thrown and machine launched • Artillery shells – could be rapidly fired • Poison Gas – could disable or kill ..\..\My Videos\World_War_I__A_New_Kind_of_War.asf American Reaction • German U-boats and British blockade of the North Sea threatened US trade - President Wilson declares neutrality • Preparedness – Wilson had large numbers of men trained just in case we needed them. • Peace Movement – Some, especially women's groups, pushed to keep the US out of the war • ..\..\My Videos\The_United_States_and_World_War_I.asf America enters WWI • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Zimmerman Note • Sinking of five merchant ships Road to WWII and the Rise of Hitler Hitler in World War One • Hitler was a Sergant in the Austrian Army. • He got shot during the war. At the battle of the Somme. • He received the Black wound Badge and was sent home after his injury. He also received the Iron Cross for his bravery German Grievances after the War • The Germans lost territory: – Eastern areas became Poland and Czechoslovakia – Saar coalfield, and was the center of German manufacturing. – Rhineland, which was the territory that bordered the Rhine river. (SW Germany) – Slash their army to 100,000 men and the Navy was cut down to 36 ships and no submarines. – Had to pay reparations to France and England Germany after the Treaty Beer Hall Putsch • 1923: The Nazi party lead by Hitler tried to overthrow the government. The Weimar Republic heard of the plot and arrested Hitler and his co-conspirators. • Hitler was thrown in jail and while there he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle). This book was a summary of his ideology. It was banned in Germany from the end of the war to 2016. Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany • Hitler began his comeback with the Nazi Party. He made speeches saying how great the German people were. He handed out bread during those speeches to hungry people. • By 1932 the Nazi Party had became powerful in Germany. • The German President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor on January 30,1933. • Hindenburg died in 1934 and Hitler named himself President. • He became the supreme leader of Germany the Fuhrer . Burning of the Reichstag • The Reichstag burned down February 27, 1933. • The fire was blamed on a Dutch Communist, named Marinus van der Lubbe. • Hitler used this to disband the Reichstag, giving him full power. The Global Conflict: Axis Advances Vocabulary • Blitzkrieg – lightening war • Radar – detected airplanes • Sonar – detected submarines Early Axis Gains PRE-WAR • Third Reich takes the German speaking areas surrounding Germany – March 1938: Austria – England and France do nothing – September 1938: Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) • Munich Conference: (1938) England, France, Germany, and Italy - Hitler promised he would go no farther if he could have the Sudetenland. England and France agree. • Hitler takes the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) Poland: 1939 • • • • • • Germany moves to take Poland Britain and France warn they will declare war September 1, Germany attacked Poland from the west while the Soviet Union attacked from the east Germany employs a blitzkrieg Polish army tried to fight back but within a month was defeated British and French declared war Soviet advances during the winter of 1939 • Pushed into the Baltic region • Conquered Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania • Signed treaties “of mutual assistance” that allowed the Soviet Union to establish military bases • Seized part of Finland Winter of 1939 • After the defeat of Poland Hitler’s forces were quiet • The French stationed men along the Maginot Line – they were joined by the English • For awhile nothing happened was it a “Phony War?” • It was the quiet before the storm April - May 1940 • Germany lets loose the blitzkrieg - defeating – – – – Norway Denmark Netherlands Belgium • In May Hitler invades France through the Ardennes Forest using tanks • The French had set up all their defenses at the Maginot Line – the WRONG place May 1940 Dunkirk • British are trapped between the Nazi Army and the English Channel • How would they get them off? – – – – British ships private yachts fishing boats any thing that could float ferried men back to England even while being attacked from the air • Rescued 300,000 men • called the “Miracle of Dunkirk” France falls to Germany • Hitler moves south toward Paris • Mussolini declares war on France and moves north • June 22, 1940 France surrenders • Forced to sign the surrender in the same railway car the Germans signed the armistice ending WWI • Germany occupies northern France and a puppet North Africa • Mussolini invades Egypt through their north African colony of Libya • British easily push them back • Hitler sends in Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox • Rommel pushed the English back toward Cairo during 1941 & 1942 Greece and Yugoslavia • Italians invade Greece but meet resistance • German troops, once again, help take Greece • Also invaded and defeated Yugoslavia • Guerrilla groups in Axis Powers expand • Bulgaria and Hungary joined the Axis alliance • By 1941 the Axis powers control most of Western Europe New Technology • Air power took a dominant role – Bombing techniques perfected – Planes much improved over WWI – Parachutes – Luftwaffe could bomb human targets as well as military • Tanks and troop carriers • Submarines were used by both Axis and Allied powers • Sonar and Radar were used to track • Battle of Britain and the Blitz Winston Churchill becomes prime minister of Britain and stated they would never surrender • In 1940 Britain and Switzerland were the only western country not under Fascist or Nazi control • Hitler told his officers to get ready for Operation Sea Lion – the invasion of Britain London Blitz • Luftwaffe bombed the southern coast – military targets – for a month • Hitler then changed his target and bombed London for 57 straight nights • Rather than demoralized, Londoners were defiant and continued their daily routines taking shelter when the air raid sirens came on • Raids destroyed much of London and killed about 15,000 • Hitler gave up and turned to the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa • • • • • • Invasion of the Soviet Union – June 1941 - broke the nonaggression Pact Blitzkrieg caught Stalin unprepared He had lost many of his generals in his purges Nazi’s pushed deep into Russia until they were outside of Moscow and Stalingrad Winter came and the Germans were freezing and without supplies They laid siege to Stalingrad for 2 ½ Years United States • Passed Neutrality Acts to keep us out • FDR found ways to help the Allies • Lend-Lease Act – allowed the US to sell or lend war materials FDR felt was vital to the defense of the US • The US became the arsenal of democracy • Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill agreed to destroy the Nazi tyranny and called for a permanent system of general security. Italy • September 3, 1943 – Italy surrendered • Mussolini flees north to German controlled Italy • Hitler sets him up as leader • Allies advance and Germans retreat • Mussolini but was captured by partisans, shot, and his (and mistress’) body was hung upside down in Milan, Italy The End of the War in Europe • June 6,1944 – D Day invasion – Operation Overlord • By September 1944 – France, Belgium and Luxembourg were free • German last big effort – Battle of the Bulge • Both Soviets and Allies move toward Berlin • April 29, 1945 – surrounded by Soviets – Hitler marries Eva Braun • April 30, 1945 – Hitler shoots himself and Eva takes poison – their bodies are burned so the Soviets can not violate them • May 7 – Germany Surrenders – V-E Day The Big Axis Mistakes • Germany – by attacking the Soviet Union they divided their troops and had to fight on two fronts – this proved their Achilles heel • Japan – The bombing of Pearl Harbor