Download Berlin Conference

Berlin
Conference
To Discuss the
European
colonization
of Africa
1884-1885
Why did it happen?
• By the late 1800’s European countries had
already begun to colonize Africa
• England controlled Egypt and the Suez
Canal, much of East Africa, and South
Africa
• The French were in west and north Africa
• Belgium controlled the Congo basin
through King Leopold – War seemed to be
on the horizon
Why
would it
be
Important
to
control
this
area?
A Punch
cartoon
showing King
Leopold of
Belgium
looking at the
spoils of his
African
campaign.
What
impression
do you get
from this
cartoon?
Reasons for the Conference
•
•
•
•
Protect trade routes
National prestige
Competition between England and France
The White Man’s Burden - Civilizing effect
on Africa – ports, railways, justice system,
and the Christian religion.
• Source of raw materials and markets for
goods (mercantilism)
• Threat of war between European countries
• Quest for power – more land controlled =
more power
Why did Otto von Bismarck hold
the conference?
• There was a risk of conflict between colonial
countries in the "Scramble for Africa".
• Needed Rules
• All the European powers and the USA (USA did
not take part in the division) met in Berlin in
1884.
• King Leopold of Belgium received Congo Basin.
• New colonies had to be "effectively occupied".
(You also had to officially defend and administer
the area)
• Recognized Germany as a world power.
What effect did this have on the
continent of Africa?
• Divided Africa without any respect for tribal
boundaries.
• Plundered the African colonies without
building up the infrastructure.
• Led to disputes between tribal groups
• When Europeans finally withdrew many
countries were controlled by dictators
World War I
The Road to War
Causes of WWI - Imperialism
• Europe wanted colonies in the late 1800’s
– Africa, Asia, Pacific Region
• New markets for goods
• Japan took land in both China and Korea
• Germany was jealous of France and
England's colonies
Causes of WWI – Militarism
• Countries began to build up their armies
and navies
• Military had become powerful in Europe
• Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great
Britain, and Russia planned for war
Causes of WWI - Nationalism
• Devotion to one’s nation
• France had lost land to Germany – hard
feelings
• Austria-Hungary was losing control of ethnic
groups that wanted independence
• Russia protected Slavs in both Russia and
Austria-Hungary
Causes of WWI – Entangling Alliances
• Germany was allied to Austria-Hungary
• They agreed to help each other if
one was attacked.
• Russia and France had an alliance
• Great Britain and France had a loose
alliance called the Entente Cordial or
Entente
• The US had no alliances to the European
Countries
The Assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand
• Serbia was controlled by Austria-Hungary but
wanted their own country
• The Archduke and his wife, Sofia were in Sarajevo
to visit army troops (heir to Austro-Hungarian
Throne)
• Group called the “Black Hand” planned to
assassinate the Archduke
• They stationed 22 men every 500 yards along a
motorcade route – each had a grenade and a
pistol
• The first attempt failed (grenade)
• The Archduke made a stop at city hall and was urged to
leaveFirst World War.com - Vintage Video - Archduke
Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, 1914
• He left city hall and came to a turn in the route and the
car slowed down
• A man named Gavrila Princip drew a pistol and shot
pregnant Sofia in the stomach killing her instantly
• He then shot the archduke near the heart – his only
words before he died were “Sofia.”
• Germany issues a “blank check” to help Austria-Hungary
How the war expanded in Europe
•
•
•
•
Russia was Serbia’s ally
France was Russia’s Ally
Germany was Austria-Hungary’s ally
Germany invaded Belgium and that
brought in England
• Italy, although allied to both Germany
and Austria-Hungary, remained neutral
the first year before joining the allies
World War I Alliances
Europe Divided
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
Europe Divided
Allied Powers
Russia
France
Great Britain (England)
Serbia
Attitude of the combatants
• Austria-Hungary forced the war by
delivering an ultimatum to Serbia
• Both thought the war would be over in a
few months.
Schlieffen Plan
• Plan to fight on two fronts
• Mobilize quickly before Russia
could mobilize
• Disregard Belgium’s and
Luxembourg’s neutrality and
sweep through those
countries
• Defeat the French army by
attacking and forcing them to
surrender
• Got the Germans to about 30
miles short of Paris
Stalemate
• The Germans were
outside of Paris
• Both the French and the
Germans were in rat
infested trenches
• Neither could gain the
advantage
• Russia attacked on the
eastern front and the
Germans had to send
troops
Disease in the trenches
• Black and brown rats – especially brown
would eat the dead and get to be large –
they could not get rid of them – they ran
across the soldiers faces at night
• Lice would cause itching and Trench
Fever (severe pain and high fever)
• Frogs, slugs, and beetles
• Trench Foot – fungal infection that could
lead to amputation
Modern Warfare
• Machine Guns – could fire
450 rounds a minute
• Grenades – there were hand
thrown and machine launched
• Artillery shells – could be rapidly
fired
• Poison Gas – could
disable or kill
..\..\My Videos\World_War_I__A_New_Kind_of_War.asf
American Reaction
• German U-boats and British blockade of the North
Sea threatened US trade - President Wilson
declares neutrality
• Preparedness – Wilson had large numbers of men
trained just in case we needed them.
• Peace Movement – Some, especially women's
groups, pushed to keep the US out of the war
• ..\..\My Videos\The_United_States_and_World_War_I.asf
America enters WWI
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Zimmerman Note
• Sinking of five merchant ships
Road to WWII and the Rise of
Hitler
Hitler in World War One
• Hitler was a Sergant in the
Austrian Army.
• He got shot during the war.
At the battle of the Somme.
• He received the Black wound
Badge and was sent home
after his injury. He also
received the Iron Cross for
his bravery
German Grievances after the
War
• The Germans lost territory:
– Eastern areas became Poland and Czechoslovakia
– Saar coalfield, and was the center of German manufacturing.
– Rhineland, which was the territory that bordered the Rhine river. (SW
Germany)
– Slash their army to 100,000 men and the Navy was cut down to 36
ships and no submarines.
– Had to pay reparations to France and England
Germany after the Treaty
Beer Hall Putsch
• 1923: The Nazi party lead by Hitler tried to
overthrow the government. The Weimar
Republic heard of the plot and arrested Hitler
and his co-conspirators.
• Hitler was thrown in jail and while there he
wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle). This book was
a summary of his ideology. It was banned in
Germany from the end of the war to 2016.
Hitler becomes Chancellor of
Germany
• Hitler began his comeback with the Nazi Party. He made
speeches saying how great the German people were. He
handed out bread during those speeches to hungry
people.
• By 1932 the Nazi Party had became powerful in Germany.
• The German President Paul von Hindenburg appointed
Hitler Chancellor on January 30,1933.
• Hindenburg died in 1934 and Hitler named himself
President.
• He became the supreme leader of Germany the Fuhrer .
Burning of the Reichstag
• The Reichstag burned down
February 27, 1933.
• The fire was blamed on a
Dutch Communist, named
Marinus van der Lubbe.
• Hitler used this to disband
the Reichstag, giving him
full power.
The Global Conflict:
Axis Advances
Vocabulary
• Blitzkrieg – lightening war
• Radar – detected airplanes
• Sonar – detected submarines
Early Axis
Gains
PRE-WAR
• Third Reich takes the German speaking areas
surrounding Germany
– March 1938: Austria – England and France do
nothing
– September 1938: Sudetenland (part of
Czechoslovakia)
• Munich Conference: (1938) England, France,
Germany, and Italy - Hitler promised he would go
no farther if he could have the Sudetenland.
England and France agree.
• Hitler takes the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
Poland: 1939
•
•
•
•
•
•
Germany moves to take Poland
Britain and France warn they will declare war
September 1, Germany attacked Poland from the
west while the Soviet Union attacked from the east
Germany employs a blitzkrieg
Polish army tried to fight back but within a month
was defeated
British and French declared war
Soviet advances during the
winter of 1939
• Pushed into the Baltic region
• Conquered Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
• Signed treaties “of mutual assistance” that
allowed the Soviet Union to establish military
bases
• Seized part of Finland
Winter of 1939
•
After the defeat of Poland
Hitler’s forces were quiet
• The French stationed men along the
Maginot Line – they were joined by
the English
• For awhile nothing happened was
it a “Phony War?”
• It was the quiet before
the storm
April - May 1940
• Germany lets loose the blitzkrieg - defeating
–
–
–
–
Norway
Denmark
Netherlands
Belgium
• In May Hitler invades France through the
Ardennes Forest using tanks
• The French had set up all their defenses at the
Maginot Line – the WRONG place
May 1940 Dunkirk
• British are trapped between the Nazi Army and the English
Channel
• How would they get them off?
–
–
–
–
British ships
private yachts
fishing boats
any thing that could float ferried men back to England
even while being attacked from the air
• Rescued 300,000 men
• called the “Miracle of Dunkirk”
France falls to Germany
• Hitler moves south toward Paris
• Mussolini declares war on
France and moves north
• June 22, 1940 France
surrenders
• Forced to sign the surrender in
the same railway car the
Germans signed the armistice
ending WWI
• Germany occupies northern
France and a puppet
North Africa
• Mussolini invades Egypt through their north
African colony of Libya
• British easily push them back
• Hitler sends in Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox
• Rommel pushed the English back toward
Cairo during 1941 & 1942
Greece and Yugoslavia
• Italians invade Greece
but meet resistance
• German troops, once
again, help take
Greece
• Also invaded and
defeated Yugoslavia
• Guerrilla groups in
Axis Powers expand
• Bulgaria and
Hungary joined
the Axis alliance
• By 1941 the Axis
powers control
most of Western
Europe
New Technology
• Air power took a dominant role
– Bombing techniques perfected
– Planes much improved over WWI
– Parachutes
– Luftwaffe could bomb human targets as well as
military
• Tanks and troop carriers
• Submarines were used by both Axis and
Allied powers
• Sonar and Radar were used to track
•
Battle of Britain and
the
Blitz
Winston Churchill becomes prime minister of Britain
and stated they would never surrender
• In 1940 Britain and Switzerland were the only western
country not under Fascist or Nazi control
• Hitler told his officers to get ready for Operation Sea
Lion – the invasion of Britain
London Blitz
• Luftwaffe bombed the southern coast – military
targets – for a month
• Hitler then changed his target and bombed London
for 57 straight nights
• Rather than demoralized, Londoners were defiant
and continued their daily routines taking shelter
when the air raid sirens came on
• Raids destroyed much of London and killed about
15,000
• Hitler gave up and turned to the Soviet Union
Operation Barbarossa
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•
•
•
•
•
Invasion of the Soviet Union – June 1941 - broke the nonaggression
Pact
Blitzkrieg caught Stalin unprepared
He had lost many of his generals in his purges
Nazi’s pushed deep into Russia until they were outside of Moscow
and Stalingrad
Winter came and the Germans were freezing
and without supplies
They laid siege to Stalingrad for 2 ½ Years
United States
• Passed Neutrality Acts to keep us out
• FDR found ways to help the Allies
• Lend-Lease Act – allowed the US to sell or
lend war materials FDR felt was vital to the
defense of the US
• The US became the arsenal of democracy
• Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill agreed to
destroy the Nazi tyranny and called for a
permanent system of general security.
Italy
• September 3, 1943 – Italy surrendered
• Mussolini flees north to German
controlled Italy
• Hitler sets him up as leader
• Allies advance and Germans retreat
• Mussolini but was captured by partisans,
shot, and his (and mistress’) body was hung
upside down in Milan, Italy
The End of the War in Europe
• June 6,1944 – D Day invasion – Operation Overlord
• By September 1944 – France, Belgium and
Luxembourg were free
• German last big effort – Battle of the Bulge
• Both Soviets and Allies move toward Berlin
• April 29, 1945 – surrounded by Soviets – Hitler marries
Eva Braun
• April 30, 1945 – Hitler shoots himself and Eva takes
poison – their bodies are burned so the Soviets can not
violate them
• May 7 – Germany Surrenders – V-E Day
The Big Axis Mistakes
• Germany – by attacking the Soviet
Union they divided their troops and
had to fight on two fronts – this
proved their Achilles heel
• Japan – The bombing of Pearl Harbor