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Global Struggles Unit 7 1941 - 1960 America and World War II The War Ends Chapter 21 Section 5 The Third Reich Collapses • The Battle of the Bulge – Hitler decided to use one last offensive – Germans moved rapidly and caught the Americans by surprise and pushed the American lines outward causing a bulge – Patton rushed in to rescue the lines and began attacking the Germans – Germans were pushed back to the Germany and the Allies finally entered Germany The War Ends in Europe • While the Allies were attacking Germany the Soviets began pushing the Germans out of Russia • Both sides are closing in on Berlin • Knowing the end was near Hitler committed suicide • Eisenhower insisted on an unconditional surrender • Germany agreed to surrender • V-E Day – Victory in Europe Japan is Defeated • Franklin Roosevelt died of a heart attack before he saw Germany surrender • Harry S Truman became president – Faced with fighting the war against Japan Japan is Defeated • The Battle of Iwo Jima – Perfectly located halfway between the Marianas and Japan – Geography was bad • Southern tip was a dormant volcano • Rocky cliffs and dozens of caves – More than 6,800 marines were killed – Iwo Jima is now in America’s hands Japan is Defeated • Firebombing Japan – Bombs filled with napalm • Jellied gasoline • Designed to start fires – Controversial because of innocent civilians that were being killed during the raids Japan is Defeated • The Invasion of Okinawa – Japan was still not ready to surrender – America needed a base to prepare for an invasion of Japan – The Japanese hid throughout the mountains and attacked the marines as they climbed the mountains • 12,000 Americans died • Okinawa is now in America’s hands Japan is Defeated • The Terms for Surrender – After Okinawa fell to the Allies the Japanese Emperor urged the government to end the war – Many Japanese leaders were willing to surrender if they were allowed to keep the emperor in charge – Many Americans blamed the emperor for the war – Truman did not want to go against public opinion Japan is Defeated • The Manhattan Project – Afraid that the Germans were working on their own version of the atomic bomb Albert Einstein wrote a letter to FDR telling of an extremely powerful bomb – Roosevelt set up a committee to study the bomb – New Mexico was the first site of the world’s first atomic bomb test Japan is Defeated • Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Truman believed in was his duty as president to use every weapon available to save American Lives – Allies threatened Japan with “prompt and utter destruction” if they did not surrender Japan is Defeated • Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Little Boy • Hiroshima • Destroyed 63% of the city • 80,000 and 120,000 people died instantly – Fat Man • Nagasaki • 35,000 and 74,000 people – V-J Day • The emperor ordered the surrender of his country Building a New World • Creating the United Nations – Before Roosevelt died he and representatives from 39 countries met • United Nations • Every nation in the world would have one vote • Security council with 11 members – Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, and the United States – Responsible for interntional peace and security Building a New World • Putting the Enemy on Trial – August 1945 • United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union created the International Military Tribunal held in Nuremberg Germany – Nuremberg Trials • 22 Nazi leaders were prosecuted – 3 were acquitted – 7 prison sentences – 12 were sentenced to death Building a New World • Nuremberg Trials – War Crime trials punished many of the people responsible for the war and the Holocaust but it was part of the American plan for building a better world