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The Post War Years The “Roaring Twenties” The Great Depression Post war Problems: • Germany1. Unhappy w/ Treaty of Versailles 2. Major Inflation of German $$$ 3. Dawes Plan- reduced reparations & provided $200 million loan • The United States1. Failed to join League of Nations • France1. Wanted strict enforcement of Treaty 2. Occupied Ruhr Valley for $$$ German Inflation •Owed $33 Billion •Only made 1 payment in 1921 •Workers strike •German Mark loses value: •1914 - 4.2 marks = $1 U.S. •1923 - 130 billion marks = $1 U.S. •1924 - 4.2 trillion marks = $1 U.S. The Treaty of Locarno •1925 •“New Era of Peace” •Guaranteed German borders w/ France & Belgium 1926 Germany joins League of Nations Kellogg-Brand Pact •1928 •Signed by 63 Nations •Agreement to renounce War The Depression A period of low economic activity & rising unemployment Two Factors: 1. Overproduction & Economic downturn in mid 1920’s 2. International Financial Crisis including U.S. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Crisis Spreads Caused people to pull $$ from U.S. Banks, then International Banks Response to Depression •1932 - Worst year of the Depression •1/4 of British Unemployed •40% of Germans Unemployed •Increased Govt. activity in Economy Lowered wages & raised tariffs made it worse!!! •Renewed Marxist Ideas •Increased rise of dictators Germany •Weimar Republic created 1918 •Paul von Hindenburg - President •1930 Depression sets in •4.38 million unemployed •Inflation rises The Weimar Republic 1918 France New European SUPERPOWER! •Needs to Rebuild •1932 Depression hits •Form 6 cabinets in 19 months •1936 Popular Front Govt. forms •French “New Deal” -based on U.S. •“Collective Bargaining” •40 hour work week •Vacation time •Minimum wage •1938 Low confidence in French Government Great Britain •Lost industries to U.S. & Japan •Coal, Steel, & Textiles •1921 - 2 Million Britons Unemployed •John Maynard Keynes - British Economist •Encouraged deficit spending The United States 1920’s - “Roaring Twenties” •October 29, 1929 “Black Tuesday” •Stock Market Crashes •1933 - 12 million Unemployed •1932 - F.D.R. Elected President •“New Deal” •WPA employed 3 million Americans •1935 Social Security Act Franklin D. Roosevelt New Deal Programs •FERA - Federal Emergency Relief Administration •TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority •CWA - Civil Works Administration •CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps •FEMA - Federal Emergency Relief Administration •PWA - Public Works Administration •NYA - National Youth Administration •WPA - Works Progress Administration •NIRA - National Industrial Recovery Act •RA - Resettlement Administration •SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission •FSA - Farm Security Administration •NRA - National Recovery Association •AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Act •FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation •REA- Rural Electrification Administration •Emergency Banking Act The Rise of Dictators •Totalitarian State- Government which aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual & cultural lives of its citizens. • single leader & single party • mass propaganda & communication •Reject limited govt. & individual freedoms Germany Russia Italy Spain Italy Ruled by King Victor Emmanuel III •Economic Problems: •Inflation, Industrial & Agricultural strikes •Fear of a Socialist Revolution •Fascism- the State is above all & controls the people •Benito Mussolini- First Fascist leader in Europe •“Il Duce” or “The Leader” •1922- becomes PM of Italy Pope Pius XI •1929- Lateran Accords •Vatican City Independent •Catholicism official “Religion of State” •$$ given to support Fascism Fascist Italy •“Blackshirts” armed fascists •OVRA- secret police group •Propaganda •Youth Groups •Family centered The Soviet Union •War Communism begins to fail •1921 Lenin creates New Economic Policy (NEP) •Small business - private ownership •Large Industry- govt. controlled •1922 U.S.S.R. Created •1924 Lenin dies Lenin Moseleum Joseph Stalin •General Secretary of Communists •Rival of Leon Trotsky - Commissar of War •Politburo- Policy making body •Stalin appoints officials loyal to him •Overpowers the Politburo & creates a powerful dictatorship Leon Trotsky Joseph Stalin Stalin’s Programs •5 Year Plans: •Switch from Agriculture to Industy •Replaced (NEP) •Collectivization- Govt. owns ALL land The Results: •10 Million+ die of famine •8 Million+ purged from Govt. & Military •Forced Labor Camps in Siberia •Reversed social legislation of 1920’s Spain •Democracy fails •1936 Civil War begins •Germany & Italy support fascists 1937 Guernica by Pablo Picasso •1939 Gen. Franco captures Madrid •Authoritarian dictatorship favoring upper class General Francisco Franco Adolf Hitler •Born April 20, 1889 in Austria •Art School failure •Served 4 years on front lines of WWI •1919 joined German Workers Party •1921 renamed National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or Nazi Party •1923 Beer Hall Putsch - Hitler jailed •Mein Kampf- Hitler’s anti-semitic views and plan for a superior nation SA- “Brownshirts” Nazism •1929 - 800,000 Nazi members •Reichstag - German Parliament •1932 - Largest Party in Reichstag Economic Struggles •1932 - 6 million unemployed •Extremists more attractive •Hitler promised a New Germany 1933 - Reichstag Fire The Nazi State 1933-1939 •1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor •1933 Enabling Act- Power to ignore constitution for 4 years •ALL institutions under Nazi control •ALL Jews removed from Civil Service •Trade Unions dissolved •Political Parties abolished •Concentration Camps set up •1934 President Hindenburg dies •Hitler now Dictator AKA “Fuhrer” •Aryan - Indo-European Language •NOT Ancient Greek, Roman, or “Master” Race •Hitler wanted to create the 3rd Reich •Heirich Himmler- leader of SS •Schutzstaffeln- “SS” used terror & ideology Nuremberg Rally Nazi Policies •1935 - Nuremburg Laws: Excluded Jews from citizenship & forbid marriage between Germans & Jews •1938 - Nov. 9 Kristallnacht “Night of shattered Glass” •7,000 Jewish synagogues & business destroyed •30,000 Jewish males arrested •1941 - Jews required to wear yellow Stars of David & ID cards •Jews barred from public buildings •Jews encouraged to “emigrate from Germany” Radio and Movies Leni Riefenstahl •1920 Radio Broadcasting expands •New form of communication: •Entertainment •News •Advertising •1939 - 40% adults attend movies weekly •1934 - “The Triumph of the Will” Nazi Propaganda Film Joseph Goebbels- Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels Art & Literature Photomontage by Hannah Hoch •Dark & Abstract Art becomes popular •Dada Movement- “life has no purpose” •Surrealism- “world of the unconscious” •Slavador Dali- Spanish Surreal Artist •Germany thought they could create new & genuine art Literature •1922- James Joyce writes Ulysses •Inner thoughts of ordinary people of Dublin •1920’s- Hermann Hesse - German •Writes Siddhartha & Steppenwolf •Confusion of modern existence •Wins Nobel Prize in 1946 Charles Lindbergh - The Spirit of St. Louis World War II Memorial World War II Memorial World War II Memorial U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum World War II Memorial U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum