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Chapter 35 FDR and the Shadow of War The London Conference 1933 International meeting to stabilize currencies and exchange rates Would help in world trade America withdraws; every-man-for-himself attitude= Increased extreme nationalism = international cooperation difficult Filipinos and Russians Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934 Independence by 1946 for Filipinos Philippines becoming a financial drain on the U.S. U.S. finally recognizes Russia 1933 Good for trade Good for fighting against Germany and japan Good Neighbor Policy: L.A. Reduced armed intervention in LA relationships will transfer to collaborative defenses against foreign invasion Platt Amendment repealed 1934 (Cuba) Mexico/American oil issues resolved amicably Policy considered successful by both U.S and LA Can you say… Reciprocal Trade Agreements The Coming of WWII The rise of totalitarian dictatorships in Europe and Asia challenges the U.S. policy of Neutrality Vocabulary 1. Fascism : political philosophy that puts nation, and often race, before the individual a. b. c. d. lead by a dictator allows for selective capitalism anticommunist government 2. Communism: Advocates one-party rule and the elimination of private property a. does not tolerate opposition b. c. theoretically, everyone is supposed to be equal has economic and political control A. The Rise of Dictators: Why? Failures of Treaty of Versailles a. Germany i. ii. Blamed for war/reparations Lost lands b. Soviet i. Lost lands c. Unrealistic expectations for new “democracies” i. ii. War debt, homelessness, unemployment = increased dictatorships 2. Economic Depression! 1. Benito “Il Duce” Mussolini & Italy 1st Fascist gov’t b. Exploited fears of communism on Italy to gain support a. 2. Joseph Stalin: the “Man of Steel” & the Soviet Union a. Came into power after Vladimir Lenin died b. 1922: formation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/USSR Stalin’s Plans con’t c. Changed industry and agriculture i. collectives: farms under govt control ii. “Five year plan” (x3) 1. 2. 3. Steel production increased by 400% 3rd largest industrial power Wages decreased by 43% Magnitogorsk Steel mill city Stalin’s Police State Stalin’s Great Terror Questions to think about while reading article: 1. What did Stalin do during his “Reign of Terror?” 2. What would Stalin’s justification be for doing this? Stalin’s “Great Purge” Gulag 3. Fuhrer Adolf Hitler & Germany a. Effects of WWI on Hitler? b. Mein Kampf while in prison c. Nazism – a form of fascism i. ii. iii. iv. Nationalism anticommunist Racism “lebensraum” d. March 1933 Hitler “elected” as chancellor (PM) 3. Fuhrer Adolf Hitler & Germany con’t e. Weimar Republic replaced by the Third Reich f. 1934: through corrupt elections, becomes president Why was Hitler able to get such support? 4. Japan Struggled more as a islands? b. Military blamed corrupt politicians c. Invasion of Manchuria (1931) d. What does the League of Nations do? a. B. On Hitler’s terms… 1. Violates Treaty of Versailles a) Military buildup b) Troops sent into Rhineland c) Signed Rome-Berlin Axis Pact (1939) d) League of Nations response? C. American Neutrality: America First 1. Neutrality Act of 1935 Outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war or civil war 2. Neutrality Act of 1937 3. Neutrality Act of 1939 4. Sales of nonmilitary supplies on a “cash-andcarry” basis only Cash-and-carry any supplies Lend and Lease (1941) No cash necessary! Bases in Caribbean D. The Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) a. b. c. d. Agreement between Stalin and Hitler Hitler’s goal: avoid a two-front war Secret deal: divide Poland between the two countries By June ‘41, Hitler turns on Stalin (Operation Barbarossa) E. The Munich Crisis 1. Munich Pact (1938) a. “trio,” France, GB, Germany b. Sudentlands given to Hitler 2. Winston Churchill & appeasement – 3. 4. giving up principles to pacify an aggressor What does he do next? Invade the rest of Czechoslovakia Munich Conference (1938) Chamberlain, Dalider, Hitler, Mussolini Winston Churchill; PM of GB Elected in 1940 Winston Churchill was named TIME's Man of the Year in 1940 and 1949 "An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile — hoping it will eat him last." — Winston Churchill F. Hitler Demands Danzig, Poland 1. 2. 3. Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland Sept. 3, 1939: France & GB declares war on Germany; the war has begun! Blitzkrieglightning war; surprise, nonstop attacks Mussolini invades ____ League (1935) of Nations response? G. United States “Involvement” 1. Selective Service Act (‘40) 2. FDR’s Four Freedoms (1/’41) Speech, Worship, from want, from fear = democracy 3. Atlantic Charter a. b. (8/’41) Vision for postwar peace Trade, disarmament, end territorial seizures Hitler’s conquests “Phony War/Sietzkrieg” After Poland invasion nothing happened for the next few months b. Hitler goes around the Maginot Line through the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg a. The Miracle at Dunkirk (May 1940) 1. 2. 3. 4. Allied forces trapped in Belgium; escaped to GB > 330,000 troops saved For unknown reasons, Hitler German forces to stop Allows Allied troops to regroup and evacuate Battle of Britain (July 1940) Luftwaffe vs. Royal Air Force (RAF) 2. Technology that helped RAF win? 3. RADAR; could see in the dark 4. Hitler calls off invasion of Britain 1. December 7, 1941 use only first clip Japan Attacks the U.S. 1. 2. 3. Japan’s goal to expand throughout East Asia, to include pacific islands US responds to Japanese expansion of China w/ oil embargo US deciphers military code re: attack but have no details where attack will take place. The Home Front A. Families in Wartime 1. Increase in: a) b) c) d) e) Income Marriages/Divorce Delinquency Child/health care Turnover rates 2. End of war and return of the men? B. Internment of Japanese Americans 1. Executive order #9066 2. Korematsu v. United States C. Double “V” Campaign 1. 2. 3. 4. Victory at home and abroad Rallied for fair employment = FDR #8802 banned discrimination in workplace Race riots CORE/NNACP a. Membership increases b. Nonviolent, civil disobedient, sit-ins D. Zoot-Suit Riots Suits = defiance & lack of patriotism 2. After riots, wearing suits a crime in LA 3. Mex-Amer feared internment 1. E. “The Good War” Life at home is good 2. Jobs plenty 3. Music, movies, comic books , fashion all support war efforts 1. F. Isolationism 1. For and against isolationism a. b. c. Fight for Freedom Committee? America First Committee? Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies? Men and Women in Uniform A. Creating the Armed Forces Selective Service Act 1940? 2. 50% high school grad 3. 10% college grad 1. B. Women in the Military B. Women in the Military 1. The good a. b. 2. More edu Pilots/nurses The bad a. b. c. Men thought of them as prostitutes Gay More restrictions The World at War European and Pacific fronts The Fall of France May 10- June 25, 1940 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/ animations/wwtwo_map_fall_france/ind ex_embed.shtml The War in Europe The Allies remained on the defensive during the first years of the war, but by 1943 the British and Americans, with an almost endless supply of resources, had turned the tide. A. Operation Stalingrad (July ’42 – Feb ’43*) Natural resources, industrial city, on the river 2. Scorch and burn strategy 3. Turning point for Allies 4. 6 summer weeks turns into 6 siberian winter months 1. Nazis Soviet w/German POW Captured of German Soldiers Soviet Military B. Operation Torch (Nov. ’42) C. Operation Overlord/D-Day June 6, 1944 Gen. Eisenhower with D-Day troops; unconditional surrender! D. Battle of the Bulge/Ardennes (Dec. 44-Jan.45) 1. 2. 3. Last offensive attack by Germany Germany never recoups Largest # of men served/worst casualties for Allies E. Gen. Dwight Eisenhower 1. Supreme Commander of Europe a. b. c. Operation Torch D-Day V-E Day On to the Pacific! Places of Conflict F. The Pacific & Island Hopping 1. Battle of Midway: “payback” for P.H. (Jun ’42) a. b. c. d. Japan w/largest fleet ever ensemble; 110 ship Allies outnumbered 4/1 Japan never recovers Safeguard Hawaii and communications 2. Iwo Jima: refueling and bombing Japan 3. Battle of Okinawa (4/’45) Last major battle in the pacific b. More men than in D-Day c. Worst US casualties in the Pacific a. kamikaze 77 The Last Stages of War The Holocaust: The systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews A. Holocaust 1. 2. 3. Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht: crystal night (1938) Final solution = genocide *A. German Forces Schutzstaffel (SS): started as Hitler’s bodyguards. (Himmler) 2. Gestapo: the Secret State police (Goering) 1. 3. German army Hitler’s top men… Goering Commander Luftwaffe Himmler Goebbels SS Leader Minister of Propaganda *Gestapo controlled concentration camps; <half of those who died here are shown *C. Where can the Jews go? (1933) 1. Refugee problem… a. b. 2. Quotas on immigrants National Origins Act of 1929; limited immigration to 150,000 in U.S. U.S., depression, refugees… How are these connected? *D. The Final Solution: Genocide 1. The condemned: Jews and any other seen as undesirable a. b. c. d. Political opponents – communists, socialist Religious groups Homosexuals Disabled; mentally, physically 2. Method a. b. c. d. Shot in cold blood starved ghettos sent to labor/concentration camps Used for medical experiments Holocaust Victims 1939-1945 6 5 4 3 East 2 1 0 jews soviets poles disabled *E. Concentration Camps Jewish Ghetto To the right, slave labor To the left, gas chamber *F. Death Marches B. Yalta Conference (Feb. 4, 1945) 1. Agreed to: a. b. c. d. e. “Spheres of influence” Membership terms for United Nation Stalin agrees to enter Pacific front Soviet troops can stay in occupied lands but no building of “empire” in Eastern Europe Division of Germany and Berlin C. FDR Passes away April 12, 1945 D. Potsdam Conference (6/’45) Unconditional surrender of Japan 2. Stalin to enter Aug. 8, ‘45 1. Truman, Attlee and Stalin E. Manhattan Project: To drop or not to drop the bomb… 1. 2. 3. 4. No need to invade Japan Lives of American troops saved Would bring an end to the war more rapidly Would stop the Soviet Union from entering war and possibly taking over lands in the region Oppenheimer US sites important to Manhattan Project Hiroshima and Nagasaki F. Nuremberg War Trials Trials of Nazi leaders at Nuremberg, Germany **************************************************************************** Do not cover: Operation Barbarossa June 1941 Making advances early on 2. Industrial city 3. winter 1. Dresden (Feb. 1945) Civilian city 2. Communication center 3. Destroys moral and economy 4. Luftwaffe lose many airplanes 1.