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Download 9b. WWII Battles Complete with VIDEO clips 2014
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WWII--- THE COST • TOTAL 72 MILLION DEAD • 47 MILLION CIVILIAN • (11 MILLION OF THOSE --DEATH CAMPS) • 25 MILLION MILITARY • ALLIED- 61 MILLION AXIS-11 MILLION Axis Powers in 1942 The “Big Three” Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin The Battle of the Atlantic-Prior to Pearl Harbor • Allied lend-lease supplies were being destroyed by U-boats – Wolf-packs: 15 to 20 U-boat groups – Jan-July 1941: Germans sank 87 US & 681 Allied ships – June 1941: FDR orders the Navy to protect lend-lease shipments (convoy) • Permission to attack U-boats in self defense • Sonar and Radar allowed success US Destroyer Greer The North Africa Campaign: 1942 Gen. Erwin Rommel, The “Desert Fox” Afrika Korps Gen. Bernard Law Montgomery (“Monty”) OPERATION TORCH • Prevented Axis control of the Suez Canal & Middle Eastern oilfields • Germans trapped in Tunisia surrender over 275,000 troops/ Italians 225,000 • DATE – Sept 1942-May 1943 General Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces. General George S. Patton Gen. Erwin Rommel The Desert Fox Rommel returns to Germany. The Allies plan an assault on Italy. Meanwhile the War wages in The Pacific. Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle: First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 WAR IN THE PACIFIC The first 6 months after Pearl Harbor –The Japanese created an empire that dwarfed Hitler’s Singapore Surrendered [February, 1942] 80,000 British, Australian & Indian troops captured. BATAAN AND CORREGIDOR • DATE - Dec. 1941 - May 1942 • LOCATION – Philippines • WINNER - Japan • SIGNIFICANCE - US lost control of Philippines; 12,000 US troops surrender at Bataan-8,500 die on the Bataan Death March (65 miles in 3 days to POW camp) • MacArthur escaped by boat and declares “I Shall Return” U.S. Surrendered at Corregidor, the Philippines [March, 1942] Bataan Death March: April, 1942 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Bataan: British Soldiers A Liberated British POW Battle of the Coral Sea: May 7-8, 1942 BATTLE OF CORAL SEA • DATE - May 1942 • LOCATION - NE of Australia • WINNER - Tie • SIGNIFICANCE - 1st naval battle in history where surface ships never saw each other; Aircraft carriers are now the most important ship in the fleet; both sides take losses; considered a tie because the US retreated first but the Japanese forced to recall their invasion of Australia (US & British base). Battle of Midway Island: June 4-7, 1942 BATTLE OF MIDWAY • DATE - June 4-7, 1942 • LOCATION - 1,200 miles NW of Hawaii • WINNER - US Battle of Midway-1942 • TURNING POINT OF PACIFIC CAMPAIGN – Japan wanted Midway Island for use as a base to attack Hawaii – JUNE 4- Japanese attacks on US carries and island are beaten back Later in day, US planes find 3 of 4 Japanese carriers & inflict fatal damage – JUNE 5- US planes sink 4th Japanese Carrier • US carrier Yorktown in badly damaged & sinks – JUNE 6- remainder of Japanese fleet retreats out of the area – Japan: on the defensive for the rest of war – US starts “island hopping” campaign Allied Counter-Offensive: “Island-Hopping” Island Hopping • LOCATION: South & Central Pacific Islands • DATE: April 1943- June 1944 • Winner: US – US plan to attack selected islands & ignore others • Leapfrogging – Battles take place on many islands including: • Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, Marshall, Solomon, Kwajalein etc….. “Island-Hopping”: GUADALCANAL • • • • DATE - Aug 1942 - Feb 1943 LOCATION - NE of Australia WINNER - US SIGNIFICANCE - long, bloody land and sea battle ensues for control of the island; US lost 6,000+ men and 9 warships; Japan lost 24,000+ men and 16 warships; US NOW controls a key area • Japanese advance for Australia is halted for the last time. • Meanwhile in EUROPE…….. Operation Barbarossa Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942-1943 German Army Russian Army 1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1,216 planes 1,115 planes Factory workers fighting to defend the city German troops in Stalingrad STALINGRAD • • • • DATE - May 1942 - Feb. 1943 LOCATION - USSR WINNER - USSR SIGNIFICANCE - turning point in the war in Europe; Germans are on the defensive for the rest of the war. LENINGRAD • DATE - 1943 (890 day seige) Sept. 8, ‘41Jan 27, ‘44 • LOCATION - USSR • WINNER - USSR Stalingrad burning German POW’S Suffering in Leningrad The Italian Campaign Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” -After Germans surrender over 275,000 troops & Italy surrenders more than 225,000 in Tunisia. An assault on Italy begins.. Operation Husky: The Battle for Sicily June, 1943 General George S. Patton OPERATION HUSKY • DATE - May-Aug. 1943 • LOCATION – Sicily • WINNER - Allies • SIGNIFICANCE – airborne/amphibious assault; geography makes it difficult; Sicily was used as launch to attack Europe & gave Allies control of the Mediterranean. OPERATION AVALANCHE • • • • DATE - Sept.-Dec. 1943 LOCATION - Southern Italy WINNER - Allies SIGNIFICANCE - Mussolini out of office; US and British armies controlled southern Italy; Nazi control the north; Nazis retreat north and create the Gustav Line as line of defense • Italy had formally surrendered on Sept. 8th 1943 however German forces continued to occupy Italy and fight the allies. German defense lines The Allies Liberate Rome: June 5, 1944 Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day: “Operation Overlord” OPERATION OVERLORD D-DAY • DATE - June 6, 1944 • LOCATION – North Coast of France • WINNER - Allies • SIGNIFICANCE - landmark event in world history; largest invasion force ever ; caught the Nazis off guard; US troops land on Utah and Omaha beaches; Nazis fighting a 3 front war PRIOR TO D-DAY D-Day (June 6, 1944) Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944) German Prisoners Higgins Landing Crafts NORMANY 2 DAYS AFTER D-DAY LIBERATION OF WESTERN EUROPE • • • • DATE - June - Sept. 1944 LOCATION - Western Europe WINNER - Allies SIGNIFICANCE - fierce fighting in France; Paris liberated Aug. 25, 1944 • by 9/1/44 US had 2.5 million soldiers fighting in W. Europe • 9/6/44 Belgium and Luxembourg liberated Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the Philippines! [1944] BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF AND THE RETAKING OF THE PHILIPPINES • DATE - Sept 1944 - March 1945 LOCATION Philippine Islands • WINNER - US • SIGNIFICANCE - ; Oct. 20, MacArthur keeps his promise and returns to the Philippines; Oct. 23-26 US destroys the last of the Japanese sea power; Kamikazes used for 1st time; by Dec.1944 US has retaken most of the Philippine islands; all Japanese resistance is cleared by March. July 20, 1944 Assassination Attempt Major Claus von Stauffenberg July 20, 1944 Assassination Attempt 1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below 10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss 11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant 12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured) 13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend 14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured) The Liberation of Paris: August 25, 1944 De Gaulle in Triumph! U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944 French Female Collaborators The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s Last Offensive Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945 BATTLE OF THE BULGE • DATE - Dec. 1944-Jan. 1945 • LOCATION - Belgium and Luxembourg • WINNER - Allied • SIGNIFICANCE - Hitler’s last desperate gamble to win the war; German’s used surprise and the weather to their advantage; US = heavy losses; Bastogne was defended by US; outnumbered and outgunned; Patton’s 5th army bails them out 101ST AIRBORNE DIVISION Yalta: February, 1945 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war-Stalin agrees, but Germany 1st. FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany. Churchill wants strong Germany as buffer against Stalin. FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’. • April 1946: 50 Nations met in San Francisco, Ca. to create The UN. • Stalin promised free elections in Poland and other Soviet occupied Eastern European cities (he fails to allow these after the war). COLD WAR (1945-1992). Meanwhile….. The War in the Pacific Wages on… US Marines on Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945] IWO JIMA AND OKINAWA • • • • DATE - Feb - June 1945 LOCATION - South of Japan WINNER - US SIGNIFICANCE – islands are needed for air strikes on Japan ; US Casualties12,000+ KIA and 38,000+ wounded on Iwo Jima; 50,000 U.S. casualties on Okinawa; • • • • Japanese losses – 20,000+ KIA on Iwo Jima and 110,000+ KIA on Okinawa 7,000 Captured 40,000-150,000 Civilian casualties • Japan stepped up Kamikaze attacks & the US Firebombs Japan FIREBOMBING OF TOKYO • DATE - March 10, 1945 • LOCATION - Japan • COMMANDER - Allies -WINNER – US • SIGNIFICANCE - revenge played a factor; US orders around the clock bombings of Tokyo with incendiary bombs from B-29s; 16 sq. miles destroyed (more than the atomic bombs); Cities of Kobe, Osaka and Nagoya are also hit. • 100,000 + Japanese are killed, the US urges surrender. US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River: April 25, 1945 Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci are Hung in Milan: April 29, 1945 Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 Cyanide & Pistols The Führer’s Bunker DEATH OF HITLER DEFEAT OF GERMANY • DATE - Feb.- May 1945 • LOCATION - Germany • COMMANDERS - Allies - Bradley; Patton & Russian forces • WINNER - Allies • SIGNIFICANCE - March 1945 US forces cross the Rhine; • May 2, 1945 Berlin falls to Russia; • May 7; Germany signs the surrender; • May 8 is V-E Day the war in Europe is over • Germany & Austria are placed under Allied control and divided into 4 occupied zones Soviet Forces Raise the Flag over the Reichstag V-E Day (May 8, 1945) V-E Day (May 8, 1945) The Potsdam Conference (Germany) July 1945. The Big Three decide: * Germany will be disarmed and divided into four zones. *The Nazi regime will be eliminated. * Nazi war criminals will be tried and punished: The Nuremberg Trials. March-August 1945 • President Harry S. Truman can not convince the Japanese to surrender. Military estimates 250,000 to1 million soldiers will die in a ground invasion in Japan. The Manhattan Project: Los Alamos, NM Major General Lesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer Enrico Fermi I am become death, the shatterer of worlds! Tinian Island, 1945 Little Boy Fat Man Enola Gay Crew Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 The Enola Gay a B-29 drops “Little Boy” © 75,000 killed immediately. © 48,000 buildings destroyed. © 42 square miles incinerated © 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later. Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 Bock’s Car a B-29 Bomber drops “Fat Man” on Nagasaki. © 40,000 killed immediately. © 60,000 injured. © 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later. The USSR declares war on Japan-Aug 8, 1845 Japanese A-Bomb Survivors SEPTEMBER 2, 1945 • Debate over terms of surrender are settled • The Japanese Supreme Council sign the papers on the deck of the USS Missouri • The day becomes known as V-J Day, WWII is now over • Japan was placed under US control and the rebuilding process began…….. V-J Day (September 2, 1945) V-J Day in Times Square, NYC THE COST • TOTAL 72 MILLION DEAD • 47 MILLION CIVILIAN • (11 MILLION OF THOSE --DEATH CAMPS) • 25 MILLION MILITARY • ALLIED- 61 MILLION AXIS-11 MILLION DEBATE Country Men in war Battle deaths Wounded Australia 1,000,000 26,976 180,864 Austria 800,000 280,000 350,117 Belgium 625,000 8,460 55,5131 40,334 943 4,222 339,760 6,671 21,878 Canada 1,086,3437 42,0427 53,145 China3 17,250,521 1,324,516 1,762,006 Czechoslovakia — 6,6834 8,017 Denmark — 4,339 — Finland 500,000 79,047 50,000 France — 201,568 400,000 20,000,000 3,250,0004 7,250,000 Greece — 17,024 47,290 Hungary — 147,435 89,313 India 2,393,891 32,121 64,354 Italy 3,100,000 149,4964 66,716 Japan 9,700,000 1,270,000 140,000 Netherlands 280,000 6,500 2,860 New Zealand 194,000 11,6254 17,000 75,000 2,000 — — 664,000 530,000 650,0005 350,0006 — 410,056 2,473 — — 6,115,0004 14,012,000 5,896,000 357,1164 369,267 16,112,566 291,557 670,846 3,741,000 305,000 425,000 Brazil2 Bulgaria Germany Norway Poland Romania South Africa U.S.S.R. United Kingdom United States Yugoslavia