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Transcript
Exam 2 - Lessons 11-22 Review Slides Lesson 11 WW II -- Global War, Global Strategy Events September 30, 1938 Chamberlain: “Peace for our time” "My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep." Peace For Our Time http://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace.html Japan’s Next Step After China Two factions in Japanese government • “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group) • Led by Army • Favored move north into USSR • “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group) • Led by Navy • Favored move south into Dutch East Indies Events July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan) Soviet victory Significance: • Japan abandoned northern strategy • Turned south • Set up confrontation with US • USSR able to divert resources toward the west and Germany • Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov as armor commander Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol Japan’s Path to War Increase in Militarism in Japanese society US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940) Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940) Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940) Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940) US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940) Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941) US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Aug 1941) Miracle of Dunkirk 300,000+ rescued Equipment abandoned Events March 16, 1935 October 3, 1935 March 7, 1936 Germany announces conscription, formation of new army units, navy ships and an air force Italy invades Ethiopia; League of Nations imposes economic sanctions Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France Events October 25, 1936 Germany & Italy form Axis November 1936 Germany & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact January 17, 1937 Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty July 7, 1937 Sino-Japanese War begins November 5, 1937 Hitler discusses secret plan for Lebensraum (“living space”) March 12, 1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss) Events September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany “Phony war” begins April 9, 1940 May 10, 1940 Germany invades Denmark & Norway Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk June 4-22, 1940 Battle of France June 22, 1940 France Surrenders Lesson 12 WW II -- Battle of Britain Operation Sealion Germans began planning for invasion in November 1939 Initial criteria for success: * The Royal Navy had to be eliminated. * The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated. * British coastal defenses had to be destroyed. * British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented. Operation Sea Lion 1940 German Plan Take control of the air Defeat the RAF Isolate the invasion area Neutralize Royal Navy, destroy communications & defenses Invade England Land Panzers to employ Blitzkrieg tactics Source: Royal Air Force Battle of Britain 1940 Preliminary June – 10 July Phase I: Attacks on Coastal Shipping 10 July –12 August Phase II: Attacks on Fighter Command (airfields & radar) 12 August – 6 September Phase III: Attacks on London 7 September- 5 October Phase IV: Night Attacks on London 6-31 October (officially) Source: Royal Air Force The Fog of War August 24, 1940 Luftwaffe bomber crews mistakenly bomb London • Residential area August 25 RAF bombers hit Berlin industrial area in retaliation August 26 Enraged, Hitler orders massive attacks against London and other British cities Attacks on cities continue into the fall, switching to night raids after September 15th Significance: Gave the RAF a critically needed breather Battle of Britain Factors British use of radar (command & control) German underestimation of RAF strength British “home field” advantage German loss of focus (Change of Objective) Lesson 14 WW II -- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and the Second Battle of the Atlantic Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Go on the offensive against the U-boats Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Employ convoy system immediately • Increase escort capability Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Expand US shipbuilding industry • Apply mass production techniques to shipbuilding Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Go on the offensive against the U-boats • Improve intelligence on U-boat operations • Close Mid-Atlantic Gap • Develop Hunter-Killer teams Hunter-Killer Team Lesson 15 WW II: America Enters the War Japanese Situation 1936: Army began to gain upper hand in government of Japan Goal: Make Japan preeminent in Asia Objectives: • Conquer China • Expand into SE Asia for bases & raw materials • Strengthen military • Build war industry • Improve air & sea transportation Ref: Morton: Japans Decision for War Return to Japan’s Decision Japanese Situation Driving Concern: Make Japan self sufficient (particularly in oil) Problem: US, Britain, Netherlands control Japan’s oil Morton: Japans Decision for War Japanese Options Move North: Attack Soviet Union Move South: Invade East Indies Reach Accommodation with US Morton: Japans Decision for War Timeline 1910 Japan colonizes Korea 1921 League of Nations awards Japan control of former German possessions in Micronesia 1931 Japan invades Manchuria 1932 Japan establishes a puppet state, Manchukuo, in Manchuria 1936: Nov 25 Japan & Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact 1937: Jul 7 Japan provokes incident with China, declares war Nov 6 Italy joins Germany, Japan in Anti-Comintern Pact Dec 12 Japanese planes sink gunboat USS Panay in Yangtze River Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II Timeline 1937: Dec 14 Ludlow Amendment introduced in Congress • Proposed Constitutional amendment to require popular referendum prior to entry into war 1938: May 17 US Naval Expansion Act • Goal: Full-strength two-ocean navy in 10 years May 28 Japanese cabinet increases military presence Nov 18 Japan: New Order in East Asia replaces Open Door 1939: Jul 26 US: Will not renew 1911 trade pact with Japan Aug Japanese forces defeated by Soviets at Khalkin Gol (Manchuria) Sep War in Europe begins Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II Timeline 1940: Jul New Japanese government discusses ways to exploit weakness of European powers in Asia Jul 25 Roosevelt announces restrictions on shipment of petroleum & scrap iron to Japan Aug US analysts crack Japanese codes Sep Japan occupies northern French Indochina Sep 26 US embargoes shipment of av gas, scrap iron, steel to Japan Sep 27 Japan, Germany, Italy sign Tripartite Pact Nov 11 Royal Navy aircraft attack Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II Timeline 1941: Jul 24 Japan occupies all of French Indochina Jul 26 US freezes all Japanese assets in US * Oct 17 General Hideki Tojo becomes Japanese Premier Nov 20 Sec State Hull, Japanese Ambassador Nomora begin talks: nations exchange final positions * Key turning point Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II Timeline 1941: Nov 25 Japanese naval task force sails for Hawaii Nov 27 US Pacific commanders warned to expect war at any time with attack likely in Philippines of SE Asia Dec 1 Japan rejects US counter but asks to continue talks Dec 1 Japanese naval task force directed to proceed with attack on Pearl Harbor, subject to recall Dec 4 US intercepts coded Japanese message indicating attack on US assets imminent Dec 7 0755: Attack on US forces on Oahu begins The US and the Coming of World War II Japan’s Decision for War Japan’s Objective: Preeminence in Asia “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand Strategy Major consideration in preparing for war , yet Key reason for going to war Japan’s Decision for War Japanese Strategy • Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines • Establish defensive perimeter • Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia Japan’s Decision for War Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation? Japanese Miscalculations Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives Assumed they could keep the war limited One man’s limited war may be another man’s total war Attack on Pearl Harbor Breaks in our favor: Two aircraft carriers at sea Submarines, fuel stores not attacked Repair facilities intact Lesson 16 WW II – Society At War: The Home Fronts Lesson 17 WW II -- Combined Bombing Offensive Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets … and rules of war are ignored. Automatic Hugh Bicheno Oxford Companion to Military History Targeting Philosophy U.S.: Daylight, high-altitude precision bombing against specific industrial targets British: Night area-bombing of cities Together: Combined Bomber Offensive Strategic Bombing Challenge Selecting the most productive target sets Initially • U-boat facilities After June 1943 • Fighter aircraft • Ball bearings • Petroleum Prior to D-Day • Transportation Critique of Bombing Campaign Established a “Second Front” Precision bombing: results disappointing Impact on morale: ultimately telling • German experience different from British during Blitz "Bombing appreciably affected the German will to resist. Its main psychological effects were defeatism, fear, hopelessness, fatalism, and apathy. It did little to stiffen resistance through the arousing of aggressive emotions of hate and anger. War weariness, willingness to surrender, loss of hope in German victory, distrust of leaders, feelings of disunity, and demoralizing fear were all more common among bombed than among unbombed people." US Strategic Bombing Survey, European War Critique of Bombing Campaign Established a “Second Front” Precision bombing: results disappointing Impact on morale: ultimately telling Impact on war production • German production increased through mid-1944 • Late decision to mobilization • Fighter production displaced bombers • 85% of US bombs dropped after D-day • Influenced final ground war after January 1945 Phillip S. Meilinger Bogus charges Against Airpower Air Force magazine, September 2002 Lesson 19 WW II -- Russo-German War Operation Siege of Barbarossa Leningrad September 1941 - January 1944 872 days Soviet Dead: Red Army: 330,000+ Civilian: 1,000,000+ Siege BattleofofLeningrad Moscow October 1941 - January 1942 Germans: 1,000,000 men, 1,700 tanks Soviets: 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks Battle BattleofofStalingrad Moscow August 1942 - February 1943 German-Soviet War Until June 1944 • Soviet Union bore main thrust of German army • Stalin pressed for Second Front Lesson 18 WW II -- Amphibious Warfare: The Normandy Campaign Dieppe Raid 19 August 1942 Attempt to prove capability to seize and hold a port Secondary: • Gather intelligence and capture material • Study German responses • Draw the Luftwaffe into open battle Lessons from Dieppe Need: • Specialized landing craft • Specialized vehicles • Increased fire support • Alternative to capturing a port Mulberry Harbor Nando Times PLUTO Pipeline Under the Ocean Isle of Wight to Normandy 1.3 million gallons per day Isle of Wight Weather Robert Capa – National Archives Weather was Eisenhower’s biggest concern on D-Day Operation already had been postponed from June 5th • Forces had been briefed, loaded, deployments begun Lesson 19 WW II -- End of the War in Europe Attacking Germany The Plan British Montgomery US - Patton Attacking Germany The First Problem: Logistics Only Ports September 1944 Logistics Challenges Only operational ports: Cherbourg & Normandy beaches Supply lines stretched over hundreds of miles • Not enough trucks to fill pipeline and provide needed supplies Units in combat required huge amounts of material • One division in combat required 700-750 tons/day • Average of 28 divisions north of the Seine after Paris liberated Problem: How to deliver the goods with the trucks available? Attacking Germany Problem: Who gets the supplies? British Montgomery US - Patton Operation Market-Garden Combined (US-British) attempt to flank the Siegfried Line • Operation Market: airborne assault to secure bridges • Operation Garden: ground ops to relieve airborne within 4 days Market-Garden After Thoughts Underlined the precarious nature of all airborne assaults Major considerations: Airlift available for initial insertion & resupply Likelihood of timely relief by ground forces Availability of fire support (organic or air) Intelligence WEATHER Success = Good Planning & Luck! Battle of the Bulge Objective Situation, of German December Counteroffensive 1944 Primary Objective: Capture port of Antwerp Fall of Germany Significant Events in Liberation of Western Europe Timeline 6 Jun 44 Operation Overlord, invasion of Western Europe, begins 25 Jul 44 Operation Cobra & breakout from Normandy begins 25 Aug 44 17 Sep 44 16 Dec 44 Paris is liberated Operation Market-Garden begins Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes) begins 7 Mar 45 US Forces cross Rhine River at Remagen, Germany 7 May 45 Germany Surrenders End