Download Exam 2 Review Slides: Lessons 11-21

Exam 2 - Lessons 11-22
Review Slides
Lesson 11
WW II -- Global War, Global Strategy
Events
September 30, 1938
Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”
"My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has
returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time...
Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."
Peace For Our Time
http://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace.html
Japan’s Next Step
After China
Two factions in Japanese government
• “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group)
• Led by Army
• Favored move north into USSR
• “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group)
• Led by Navy
• Favored move south into Dutch East Indies
Events
July-August 1939
Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan)
Soviet victory
Significance:
• Japan abandoned northern strategy
• Turned south
• Set up confrontation with US
• USSR able to divert resources
toward the west and Germany
• Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov
as armor commander
Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol
Japan’s Path to War
Increase in Militarism in Japanese society
US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940)
Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940)
Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940)
Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940)
US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940)
Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in
southern Indochina (July 1941)
US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Aug 1941)
Miracle of Dunkirk
300,000+ rescued
Equipment abandoned
Events
March 16, 1935
October 3, 1935
March 7, 1936
Germany announces conscription, formation of
new army units, navy ships and an air force
Italy invades Ethiopia; League of Nations
imposes economic sanctions
Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully
challenging France
Events
October 25, 1936
Germany & Italy form Axis
November 1936
Germany & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact
January 17, 1937
Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty
July 7, 1937
Sino-Japanese War begins
November 5, 1937
Hitler discusses secret plan for Lebensraum
(“living space”)
March 12, 1938
Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss)
Events
September 1, 1939
Germany invades Poland
September 3, 1939
Britain, France declare war on Germany
“Phony war” begins
April 9, 1940
May 10, 1940
Germany invades Denmark & Norway
Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands,
Luxembourg
May 27-29, 1940
Evacuation of Dunkirk
June 4-22, 1940
Battle of France
June 22, 1940
France Surrenders
Lesson 12
WW II -- Battle of Britain
Operation Sealion
Germans began planning for invasion in
November 1939
Initial criteria for success:
* The Royal Navy had to be eliminated.
* The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated.
* British coastal defenses had to be destroyed.
* British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented.
Operation Sea Lion
1940
German Plan
Take control of the air
 Defeat the RAF
Isolate the invasion area
 Neutralize Royal Navy, destroy communications & defenses
Invade England
 Land Panzers to employ Blitzkrieg tactics
Source: Royal Air Force
Battle of Britain
1940
Preliminary
June – 10 July
Phase I: Attacks on Coastal Shipping 10 July –12 August
Phase II: Attacks on Fighter Command (airfields & radar)
12 August – 6 September
Phase III: Attacks on London 7 September- 5 October
Phase IV: Night Attacks on London 6-31 October (officially)
Source: Royal Air Force
The Fog of War
August 24, 1940
Luftwaffe bomber crews mistakenly bomb London
• Residential area
August 25
RAF bombers hit Berlin industrial area in retaliation
August 26
Enraged, Hitler orders massive attacks against
London and other British cities
Attacks on cities continue into the fall, switching to
night raids after September 15th
Significance:
Gave the RAF a critically needed breather
Battle of Britain
Factors
British use of radar (command & control)
German underestimation of RAF strength
British “home field” advantage
German loss of focus
(Change of Objective)
Lesson 14
WW II -- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
and the Second Battle of the Atlantic
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Go on the offensive against the U-boats
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Employ convoy system immediately
• Increase escort capability
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Expand US shipbuilding industry
• Apply mass production techniques to shipbuilding
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Go on the offensive against the U-boats
• Improve intelligence on U-boat operations
• Close Mid-Atlantic Gap
• Develop Hunter-Killer teams
Hunter-Killer Team
Lesson 15
WW II: America Enters the War
Japanese Situation
1936: Army began to gain upper hand in government of Japan
Goal: Make Japan preeminent in Asia
Objectives:
• Conquer China
• Expand into SE Asia for bases & raw materials
• Strengthen military
• Build war industry
• Improve air & sea transportation
Ref: Morton: Japans Decision for War
Return to Japan’s Decision
Japanese Situation
Driving Concern: Make Japan self sufficient
(particularly in oil)
Problem: US, Britain, Netherlands control Japan’s
oil
Morton: Japans Decision for War
Japanese Options
Move North: Attack Soviet Union
Move South: Invade East Indies
Reach Accommodation with US
Morton: Japans Decision for War
Timeline
1910
Japan colonizes Korea
1921
League of Nations awards Japan control of former
German possessions in Micronesia
1931
Japan invades Manchuria
1932
Japan establishes a puppet state, Manchukuo, in
Manchuria
1936: Nov 25
Japan & Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact
1937: Jul 7
Japan provokes incident with China, declares war
Nov 6
Italy joins Germany, Japan in Anti-Comintern Pact
Dec 12
Japanese planes sink gunboat USS Panay in
Yangtze River
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1937: Dec 14
Ludlow Amendment introduced in Congress
• Proposed Constitutional amendment to require
popular referendum prior to entry into war
1938: May 17
US Naval Expansion Act
• Goal: Full-strength two-ocean navy in 10 years
May 28
Japanese cabinet increases military presence
Nov 18
Japan: New Order in East Asia replaces Open Door
1939: Jul 26
US: Will not renew 1911 trade pact with Japan
Aug
Japanese forces defeated by Soviets at Khalkin Gol
(Manchuria)
Sep
War in Europe begins
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1940: Jul
New Japanese government discusses ways to exploit
weakness of European powers in Asia
Jul 25
Roosevelt announces restrictions on shipment of
petroleum & scrap iron to Japan
Aug
US analysts crack Japanese codes
Sep
Japan occupies northern French Indochina
Sep 26
US embargoes shipment of av gas, scrap iron, steel to
Japan
Sep 27
Japan, Germany, Italy sign Tripartite Pact
Nov 11
Royal Navy aircraft attack Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1941: Jul 24
Japan occupies all of French Indochina
Jul 26
US freezes all Japanese assets in US *
Oct 17
General Hideki Tojo becomes Japanese Premier
Nov 20
Sec State Hull, Japanese Ambassador Nomora
begin talks: nations exchange final positions
* Key turning point
Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II
Timeline
1941: Nov 25
Japanese naval task force sails for Hawaii
Nov 27
US Pacific commanders warned to expect war at
any time with attack likely in Philippines of SE Asia
Dec 1
Japan rejects US counter but asks to continue talks
Dec 1
Japanese naval task force directed to proceed with
attack on Pearl Harbor, subject to recall
Dec 4
US intercepts coded Japanese message indicating
attack on US assets imminent
Dec 7
0755: Attack on US forces on Oahu begins
The US and the Coming of World War II
Japan’s Decision for War
Japan’s Objective: Preeminence in Asia
“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand Strategy
Major consideration in preparing for war , yet
Key reason for going to war
Japan’s Decision for War
Japanese Strategy
• Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines
• Establish defensive perimeter
• Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely
Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses
Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia
Japan’s Decision for War
Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation?
Japanese Miscalculations
Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack
Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives
Assumed they could keep the war limited
One man’s limited war may be another man’s total
war
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Breaks in our favor:
Two aircraft carriers at sea
Submarines, fuel stores not attacked
Repair facilities intact
Lesson 16
WW II – Society At War: The Home Fronts
Lesson 17
WW II -- Combined Bombing Offensive
Total War
Total war: one in which the whole population
and all the resources of the combatants are
committed to complete victory
… and thus become legitimate military targets
… and rules of war are ignored.
Automatic
Hugh Bicheno
Oxford Companion to Military History
Targeting Philosophy
U.S.:
Daylight, high-altitude precision bombing against specific
industrial targets
British:
Night area-bombing of cities
Together:
Combined Bomber Offensive
Strategic Bombing
Challenge
Selecting the most productive target sets
Initially
• U-boat facilities
After June 1943
• Fighter aircraft
• Ball bearings
• Petroleum
Prior to D-Day
• Transportation
Critique of Bombing Campaign
Established a “Second Front”
Precision bombing: results disappointing
Impact on morale: ultimately telling
• German experience different from British during Blitz
"Bombing appreciably affected the German will to resist. Its main
psychological effects were defeatism, fear, hopelessness, fatalism, and
apathy. It did little to stiffen resistance through the arousing of aggressive
emotions of hate and anger. War weariness, willingness to surrender, loss
of hope in German victory, distrust of leaders, feelings of disunity, and
demoralizing fear were all more common among bombed than among
unbombed people."
US Strategic Bombing Survey, European War
Critique of Bombing Campaign
Established a “Second Front”
Precision bombing: results disappointing
Impact on morale: ultimately telling
Impact on war production
• German production increased through mid-1944
• Late decision to mobilization
• Fighter production displaced bombers
• 85% of US bombs dropped after D-day
• Influenced final ground war after January 1945
Phillip S. Meilinger
Bogus charges Against Airpower
Air Force magazine, September 2002
Lesson 19
WW II -- Russo-German War
Operation
Siege of Barbarossa
Leningrad
September 1941 - January 1944
872 days
Soviet Dead: Red Army: 330,000+
Civilian: 1,000,000+
Siege
BattleofofLeningrad
Moscow
October 1941 - January 1942
Germans: 1,000,000 men, 1,700 tanks
Soviets: 1,250,000 men, 1,000 tanks
Battle
BattleofofStalingrad
Moscow
August 1942 - February 1943
German-Soviet War
Until June 1944
• Soviet Union bore main thrust of German army
• Stalin pressed for Second Front
Lesson 18
WW II -- Amphibious Warfare:
The Normandy Campaign
Dieppe Raid
19 August 1942
Attempt to prove capability to seize and hold a port
Secondary:
• Gather intelligence and capture material
• Study German responses
• Draw the Luftwaffe into open battle
Lessons from Dieppe
Need:
• Specialized landing craft
• Specialized vehicles
• Increased fire support
• Alternative to capturing a port
Mulberry Harbor
Nando Times
PLUTO
Pipeline Under the Ocean
Isle of Wight to Normandy
1.3 million gallons per day
Isle of Wight
Weather
Robert Capa – National Archives
Weather was Eisenhower’s biggest concern on D-Day
Operation already had been postponed from June 5th
• Forces had been briefed, loaded, deployments begun
Lesson 19
WW II -- End of the War in Europe
Attacking Germany
The Plan
British Montgomery
US - Patton
Attacking Germany
The First Problem: Logistics
Only
Ports
September 1944
Logistics Challenges
Only operational ports: Cherbourg & Normandy beaches
Supply lines stretched over hundreds of miles
• Not enough trucks to fill pipeline and provide needed supplies
Units in combat required huge amounts of material
• One division in combat required 700-750 tons/day
• Average of 28 divisions north of the Seine after Paris liberated
Problem: How to deliver the goods with the trucks available?
Attacking Germany
Problem: Who gets the supplies?
British Montgomery
US - Patton
Operation Market-Garden
Combined (US-British) attempt to flank the Siegfried Line
• Operation Market: airborne assault to secure bridges
• Operation Garden: ground ops to relieve airborne within 4 days
Market-Garden
After Thoughts
Underlined the precarious nature of all airborne assaults
Major considerations:
Airlift available for initial insertion & resupply
Likelihood of timely relief by ground forces
Availability of fire support (organic or air)
Intelligence
WEATHER
Success = Good Planning & Luck!
Battle of the Bulge
Objective
Situation,
of German
December
Counteroffensive
1944
Primary Objective: Capture port of Antwerp
Fall of Germany
Significant Events in Liberation of Western Europe
Timeline
6 Jun 44
Operation Overlord, invasion of Western Europe, begins
25 Jul 44
Operation Cobra & breakout from Normandy begins
25 Aug 44
17 Sep 44
16 Dec 44
Paris is liberated
Operation Market-Garden begins
Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes) begins
7 Mar 45
US Forces cross Rhine River at Remagen, Germany
7 May 45
Germany Surrenders
End