Download US breaks Japanese secret communications code

Unit 13: Part 2
Japan, Pearl Harbor and War
Section 1
Japans ambitions in the Pacific
“Co-Prosperity Sphere of Influence”
• With the fall of France
and Britain under siege,
colonies in Pacific are
unprotected.
• July, 1941:
Japan takes over French
bases in Indochina
(today Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos)…
threatens move on Dutch
East Indies
• need oil, rubber, tin
U.S Reaction to Japanese
Aggression
• FDR freezes Japanese assets in the U.S.
• Places embargo on sales of scrap steel and
aviation fuel to Japan
U.S. breaks Japanese secret
communications code
 Learns that Japan is preparing for a strike
- Did not know from where attack would occur
 Peace talks fail
- Dec. 6th: Japan rejects U.S Sec. Of State
Cordell Hull’s proposal to release Japanese
assets in return for Japan’s withdrawal from
China and French Indochina…
Japan Attacks the United States
Pearl Harbor: Home of the U.S. Pacific Fleet
Japanese planes prepare to take off
for the Pearl Harbor attack
Torpedo exploding into USS West Virginia,
as seen from Japanese plane
USS Utah took a torpedo hit and capsized early
in the battle The wreck remains at Pearl Harbor
U.S.S. Arizona
“A date that live in infamy…”
http://www.historyofwar.org/Pictures/PearlHarbor04.jpg
• American casualties: 2403 killed, 1,178 wounded
• 21 ships; 300 aircraft damaged or destroyed
US Enters the War
• December 8, 1941 US
declares war on Japan
• December 11, 1941
Germany declares war
on the United States
FDR
http://dase.laits.utexas.edu/media/american_politics_collection/viewitem/000117156_400 .
jpg
Americans join war effort
Demand for GI’s
• 5 million volunteered
• 10 million drafted
• Labor shortage at home
 6 million women join labor
force
 2 million minorities hired
American Industry responds
• Automobile plants were converted to build
tanks, armored vehicles, etc.
• Factories across nation convert to war
production
• Shipbuilder Henry J. Kaiser
– Liberty ships, tankers, carriers
The American Homefront
• The United States
government stirs patriotic
feelings
• Movies are used to build
morale
• Propaganda is used to keep
war effort going:
1. Bugs Bunny Racist Propaganda
• People rationed
goods/supplies and started
Victory Gardens
http://www.ethicurean.com/wp-content/uploads/image/plant-victory-garden.jpg
Continued War Effort
http://z.about.com/d/politicalhumor/1/0/R/O/propaganda_quiet.jpg
http://www.teacheroz.com/images/homes.gif
http://www.usmm.org/p/looselips.jpg
http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/1940sphotos/posters/ridewithhitler.jpg
Women Enter the Workforce
http://www.edupics.com/en-coloring-pictures-pages-photo-rosie-the-riveter-p7219.jpg
http://www.rosietheriveterphotos.com/images/070705172615_Woman_Working_a_
War_Job_LG.jpg
Japanese Americans Interned
• Japanese-Americans (Nisei)
• Thousands of Nisei were forced into internment
camps in the West & Southwest
http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/imagefolder/japaneseinternment.jpg
Internment Camp
Poston, AZ
http://education.eastwestcenter.org/asiapacificed/ph2006/PH2006projects/7_clip_image001.jpg
End of Sec. 1 Notes
• HW: read Sec 1 of Required Reading and
do the worksheet….
• You can find both of these docs on my
Web page
With the U.S. now at war:
• We’ll divide our study of the war into 2 geographic areas:
Section 2
• The Eastern Theater of Operations
(the ETO)…Europe and No. Africa
Section 3
• The Pacific Theater of Operations
(the PTO)
The Nazis had broken their pact w/USSR:
Operation Barbarossa (June 1941)
By 1942 : War not going well for the Allies:
– Germany controlled all of Europe and N.
Africa and were deep into Russia
Gloomy Prospects for the Allies
 The chain of spectacular victories disguised
fatal weaknesses within the Axis alliance:
Japan and Germany fought separate
wars, they never coordinated strategies.
 The early defeats also obscured the Allies’
strengths:
The manpower of the Soviet Union and
the productive capacity of the United
States.
Turning Points of the War: The
Battle of Stalingrad
• The Pivotal battle in the war in Europe
– Enemy at the Gates
• The German Army (“Wehrmacht”) had already
lost 2 million men on the eastern front.
• In 1942-43, a German army of over 300,000 was
defeated and captured at the Battle of Stalingrad.
• After losing a massive tank battle at Kursk, the
Germans began a long retreat home…
• The Red Army crossed into Poland in January
1944.
Stalingrad
House by house…
Brick by brick
North Africa: El Alamein
• In 1942 German forces
tried to seize Egypt
and the Suez Canal
• American invasion:
“Operation Torch”
• Yanks and Brits drove
Germans out
• Turning point in N.
Africa: El Alamein
Defeat of Italy (1943)
• Invasion of Sicily opened door for
invasion of Italy
• Allies fought their way north up
the “boot”
• Mussolini forced to flee…
captured , executed, and hung by
his heels by anti-Mussolini Italians
Sec. 3
The Doolittle Raid (April 1942)
• Col. Jimmy Doolittle (related to me!) put
together mission to bomb Tokyo & other targets
IN Japan
• Bombers taking off a carrier?
• Military value? Not much
• Psychological value? HUGE morale boost for
American public
• Movie Trailer: Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo
The Pacific Theater: Early Battles
• American Forces halted the Japanese advance in two
decisive naval battles.
– Coral Sea (May 1942)
• U.S. stopped a fleet carrying Japanese troops to New
Guinea
• Japanese designs on Australia ended
– Midway (June 1942)
• Japanese Admiral Yamamoto hoped to capture Midway
Island as a base to attack Pearl Harbor again
• U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese by
surprise and sank 3 of the 4 aircraft carriers
U.S. strategy to defeat Japan:
“Island-hopping”
• No need to capture EVERY island…
“hop” over some, leaving Japanese
troops isolated
• 1 island chain after another
Allied Island – Hopping (1942-45)
U.S. Marines assault an island
Europe: Operation Overlord
• Stalin had pressed FDR and Churchill for
over a year to open a 2nd front against the
Nazis…a cross-Channel invasion
• All logistics in place for the invasion of
Normandy, France in June, 1944
June 6, 1944: D - Day
• Combined American, British, Canadian assault
• Dwight D. Eisenhower: Supreme Allied Commander
Invasion of Europe (con.t)
• Allies cont. drive into France…by Aug., 1944:
liberation of Paris
The Allies
Advance
•Into Holland: “Operation Market Garden”
•Into Belgium:
•Nazis mount major counter-offensive
•Battle of the Bulge
Germany’s Defeat
Americans advanced into Germany from the west while the
Russians closed in on Berlin from the east
American and Russian soldiers meet at the Elbe River
Berlin 1945
Hitler’s Last Days
In the underground bunker:
committed suicide with
companion Eva Braun
With Berlin in ruins, the
Nazis surrendered May,
1945
Victory in Europe
at last
Time Magazine cover - 1945
Allies learn of the Holocaust:
A Nazi Labor Camp Somewhere in Germany
From: Band of Brothers (HBO, 2001)
 The
Allied Leaders met
several times during the
War to discuss goals and
to map strategy :
Yalta Conference: Feb. ‘45

The most important conference was at
Yalta: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin

The Allies were clearly winning the war and the
end seemed near. The questions of what would
happen once Germany was defeated were of huge
importance:




Stalin claimed that historically, Poland had
been used as a corridor to invade Russia…
He therefore believed it was critical that
Poland become a “buffer zone” , meaning
that a Polish gov’t friendly to Russia was
necessary
Translation: “friendly” gov’t = communist
gov’t.
The Big 3 agreed that free elections were to
be held in Poland…let the people decide

A 2nd point:
USSR would enter war against Japan once
Germany was defeated


A 3rd point:
Germany would be divided and occupied
by the Allies
Other points of agreement:
War-crimes trials
 Further discussion on creating a United Nations


In the Berlin suburb
of Potsdam:
Churchill
 Truman (FDR had
died)
 Stalin



Stalin balked at
free elections in
Poland
Discussed specifics
of Germany’s
occupation after
the war

The capital
city which lay
entirely in the
Russian zone
of occupation
was ALSO
divided into 4
zones



Focus turns to Japan
US continues
“island-hopping”
strategy
Goal: control of
islands close
enough to Japan to
stage bombing
raids
FDR had died in
office and new
President Harry S.
Truman learned of a
new weapon.
He ordered it to be
used
No surrender: Japanese military
attempted a coup to seize power from
the Emperor…wanted to continue to
fight
Aug. 9th: 2nd bomb on Nagasaki
Quint's monologue
(Jaws, 1976)
The U.S.S. Indianapolis