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Chapter 11 World War II Images from Google Images World War II marked the beginning of the nation’s role as a superpower. The war also transformed the American economy into an enormously productive and enduringly prosperous economy.” TAJ 1939-1945 WW II Leaders 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Benito Mussolini: Italy Adolf Hitler: Germany Joseph Stalin: Soviet Union (Russia) America: FDR Japan: Hideki Tojo Section 1 The War Begins “He who wants to live must fight, and he who does not want to fight in this world, where eternal struggle is the law of life, has no right to exist.” Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf ( My struggle) Rise of Dictators Rise to power by taking advantage of people’s anger and suffering. Italy Made fascism, a political system where the government is seen as more important than individuals. Extreme nationalism and racism His Fascist Party gained enough power to force Italy’s king to declare him head of the government. Mid -1930’s began expanding territory Benito Mussolini Il Duce (the leader) “God and history will remember your judgment. It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.” (Ethiopian Emperor, Haile Selassis, appealing to the League of Nations for help.) Germany Exploited concern over inflation and unemployment Adolf Hitler Became chairman of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party – Nazis Openly racist 1933-Became chancellor- chief minister of Germany- ended all democracy and established totalitarian rule Anti-Semitism- hatred of Jews (Blamed them for Germany’s problems) In a totalitarian state a single party and its leader controls every aspect of citizens’ lives 1936- Formed an alliance with Italy Soviet Union Rose to power as Communist leader (1928) Demanded complete obedience Joseph Stalin Controlled by use of force Terrorized those he saw as political enemies, killing and imprisoning millions of Soviet citizens Japan 1930s- Military leaders in Japan rose to power as Japanese became upset with their government for not solving their economic problems during the Depression. September 1931- Launched an attack on province of Manchuria (NE China). Killed hundreds of thousands Signed a pact of alliance with Germany and Italy. Japan set up a government in Manchuria. …moving southward until it occupied most of the country. XIS A American Neutrality Most Americans wanted to avoid involvement. Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts between 1935 and 1937 (banned sale of weapons to nations at war, allowed trade only with nations that could pay cash and ship their own goods.) Germany Expands Hitler dreamed of avenging Germany’s defeat in WWI. 1936 – Ordered troops into Rhineland Turned to Sudetenland (area of Czechoslovakia where many Germanspeaking people lived)- Czechs prepared to fight Czechs turned to allies-Britain and France- met in Munich, Germany (1938) to seek a peaceful solutionavoid war. France and Britain’s leaders tried to avoid war by accepting Germany’s demands- (policy later called appeasement) Turn Sudetenland over to Germany: Hitler promised not to expand Germany’s territory. Hitler and Stalin signed the treaty called the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact (August 1939)- Hitler could use force against Poland without fear of Soviet intervention. September 1, 1939Hitler sent his armies to Poland. (WWII Begins) “blitzkrieg” “lightning war”attack was swift and fierce Great Britain and France (Allied Powers) declared war on Germany. Soviet troops moved into eastern Poland (acting on Soviet agreement with Germany to divide Poland.) Stalin forced Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia to accept Soviet military bases. Tried to do the same with Finland…they fought back, but eventually surrendered. (1940) Poland was split in half by Hitler and Stalin. The War Expands Hitler Moves West Spring 1940- Hitler attacked Denmark and Norway (North) Netherlands and Belgium asked help from the Allies – Great Britain and France Hitler attacked Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium (west) With the collapse of Belgium allied troops retreated to the port of Dunkirk (NW corner of France) on the English Channel. Trapped between Germans and French coast. June 22, 1940 France surrenders to Germany, but French resistance continues The Battle of Britain Domination of The only thing standing between Hitler and domination of Western Europe was. . . Western Europe Great Britain Hitler had to come up with a plan to invade Britain. Get them while they’re down! 1st- Break British morale Then, invade Britain. July 1940-the Luftwaffe, or German air force, attacked British planes and airfields. August-the Luftwaffe began bombing British cities(Destroyed entire neighborhoods …killed many civilians). British Royal Air Forcedestroyed some 2,300 Luftwaffe aircraft using new radar technology Hitler cancelled invasion Axis Powers V. ? Allies America and the War Roosevelt: OPPOSED HITLER’S ACTIONS VOWED TO STAY NEUTRAL PREPARED FOR WAR Strengthened the Navy; signed the Selective Training and Service Act (1st peacetime draft in U.S. history- applied to men between ages 21-35.) The 1940 election With world in crisis, Roosevelt decided to run for a 3rd term …breaking the tradition that had been set since George Washington. “Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.” -Franklin Roosevelt Roosevelt won an easy victory. Ran against Democrat candidate- business leader Wendell L. Wilkie of Indiana. Helping the Allies Roosevelt started supporting the Allies openly. 1941, Congress approved: Lend-Lease Act Allowed America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any country who was considered “vital to the defense of the United States.” (Cash & Carry) Britain was the 1st to use it; Isolationist argued it would increase U.S. involvement in the war. Sent Supplies to Britain, China, and other Allied countries Sent supplies to Soviet Union-until Hitler invaded in June 1941 German submarines had been sinking British ships in the Atlantic- including those carrying supplies from the U.S. American ships started escorting British merchant ships. Germans began firing on the ships. Roosevelt issued a “shoot-on-sight” order to American naval vessels that saw German and Italian ships in certain areas. Pearl Harbor The Japanese Threat While Hitler and Mussolini were doing damage in Europe…the Japanese were making their conquests in the Far East. Seized much of China in 1930s. Seized French colony of Indochina in 1940 (in Southeast Asia.) Planned to take Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, and Philippines (American territory.) The United States Responds U.S. supplied economic pressurefreezing all Japanese assets in American banks; stopped the sale of oil, gasoline and other natural resources Japan needed. Japanese were outraged! 1941: Japanese prime minister, Fumimaro Konoye, resigned. (He had been willing to negotiate with U.S. because he felt Japan could not defeat U.S. at war.) New prime minister, General Hideki Tojo, did not agree. November 20, 1941, negotiations were open between the U.S. and Japan in Washington. At the same time, the Tojo government began to plan an attack on the U.S. Hideki Tojo The Attack on Pearl Harbor 7:55 Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, Japanese warplanes attacked the military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Ships were anchored in neat rows, airplanes grouped together on the airfield. Sank or damaged all of the US battleships anchored at Pearl Harbor More than 2,400 Americans killed Almost 200 airplanes desytroyed Pearl Harbor was the worst defeat in United States military history. . . yet it united Americans. President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war. December 8, 1941-US declared war on Japan December 11, 1941: Germany and ItalyJapan’s allies declared war on the U.S. Congress declared war on them as well. The U.S. was now part of the Allies—Great Britain, France, China and the Soviet Union. Axis Powers Allies V. Pearl Harbor Video Section 2 In a speech delivered by President Franklin Roosevelt, he expressed the feelings many Americans had toward the growing “epidemic of world lawlessness.” (1937) TAJ War Begins “We are determined to keep out of war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against disastrous effects of war and the dangers of involvement.” Germans crossed the Somme River and continued into France. Italy joined the war on Germany’s side and attacked France from the southeast. AXIS Powers: Bad Germany, Italy- and later Japanformed the AXIS POWERS. June 14, 1940, German troops marched into Paris…Stunned by the blitzkrieg, the French surrendered. G. I. Joe Hitler called for Great Britain to surrender. British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, gave this response: “We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” The Battle of Britain continued on from August until October, 1940- but the Germans never gained control over the skies. The heroics of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) caused Hitler to end the air attacks. Germany Turns East Frustrated over his failure in Britain, Hitler decided to turn East to fulfill his dream . . . Of taking over the Soviet Union. He attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941- ignoring the pact he’d made with Stalin. Germans moved into Soviet territory. The Soviet Union joined the Allies in their fight against the Axis Powers. The Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Churchill drew up the Atlantic Charter (1941.) Planned for a world after the “destruction of the Nazi tyranny.” -TAJ Pledged the people that all every nation would be free to choose their own form of government and live free of “fear and want.” -Urged disarmament- giving up military weapons- and the creation of a “permanent system of general security.” Propaganda Posters Section 3 On the Home Front On the Home Front America Prepares Attack on Pearl Harbor united Americans. Started preparing for war! U.S. had already begun raising an army under the Selective Service Acts of 1940 & 1941. More than 15 million Americans joined the armed forces during the war (both as draftees and volunteers.) For the 1st time, large numbers of women served in the military. ABOUT 250,000 WACs (Women’s Army Corps) and WAVES (women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Services in the Navy), women’s units in marines, Coast Guard and army air corps. To speed up mobilizationmilitary and civilian preparations for war- the government created some new agencies. War Production Board Supervised industries as they converted their efforts to war production The Office of Price Administration National War Set limits on consumer prices and rents- prevent Labor Board inflation Tried to resolve labor disputes that could slow down war production Financing the War Revenue Act of 1942 Sold War Bonds TAXES: Raised taxes on corporations; required all Americans to pay an income tax- Congress approved of a system that withheld taxes from worker’s paychecks Wartime America Separation from loved ones (fearing a telegram that he/she had been killed) Making Sacrifices Shortages of consumer goods (with industries focus on war production) Rationing of resources and goods (consumers could only buy a limited number of some things) Helping the War Effort Victory Gardens Children collected scrap metal. Civil Defense Office of War Information War had reduced supply of vegetable fats from the Far East. Substitutes were needed., Fat makes glycerine and glycerine makes explosives. Millions of pounds of glycerine was needed. Government appealed to housewives to provide it. “Don’t throw away a single drop of used cooking fat, bacon fat, meat drippings, fry fats- every kind you use. After you’ve got all the cooking good from them, pour them through a kitchen strainer into a clean, wide-mouthed can. Keep it in a cool dark place . . . . Take them to your meat dealer when you’ve saved a pound or more. He is cooperating patriotically. . .” U.S. government bulletin posted in meat markets. Women and Minorities With millions of men joining the armed forces, there were more women than ever before in the labor force. (doing jobs usually done by men- welders, riveters, etc.)—Rosie the Riveter Women earned less than men When war ended and troops came home, many lost their jobs. It did change opinion about women’s right to work. African Americans During the War About one million African- American men and women in armed forces At first, given low-level assignments; segregated units. Tuskegee Airmen- 332nd Fighter Group – shot down 200 enemy planes. Benjamin Davis, Jr. 1st African American general in U.S. Air Force A. Philip Randolph (1941) Demanded the government band discrimination against African Americans in defense industries “ . . . There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin.” President Franklin Roosevelt “Yet you say we’re fighting for democracy. Then why don’t democracy include me?” -Langston Hughes Native Americans Thousands of Native Americans served in the armed forces. Special group of Navajo formed the “code talkers” – using their language in radio communication regarding military strategies Ira Hayes- Native American hero in battle for Iwo Jima Hispanic Americans More than 250,000 served in armed forces. Mercedes Cubria- 1st Hispanic women officer in Women’s Army corps Bracero program- recruited farm and railroad workers from Mexico during the war Japanese Americans Feared and hated by many other Americans even though most were Nisei (born in U.S) Leaders worried about their loyalty if Japanese forces invaded U.S. President ordered army to relocate more than 100,000 West Coast Japanese Americans to detention centers or internment camps Internment camps were crowded and uncomfortable. They had only days to get ready to move. They left many things behind; abandoned homes and businesses (or sold at a loss) Many stayed at the camps for 3 years. “After all those years, having worked his whole life to build a dream – having it all taken away . . . . He died a broken man.” -Japanese American Peter Ota (whose family were sent to an internment camp in Colorado) recalled how his father suffered. 1944- In Korematsu v. United States, Supreme Court upheld the order for relocation of Japanese Americans. 1988- Americans acknowledged the injustice. Congress issued a formal apology and gave each survivor $20,000 ( token of the nation’s regret). Section 4 War in Europe and Africa North African Campaign “On January 1, 1942 – three weeks after Pearl Harbor- the United States joined Britain, the Soviet Union, and 23 other Allied nations in vowing to defeat the Axis Powers.” -TAJ Stalin and many American Military leaders wanted to launch an attack on continental Europe- forcing Germans to defend their own empire. Churchill argued that it would be too difficult. Roosevelt agreed. Allies planned to attack North Africa. Erwin Rommel- “Desert fox” German general in command of Axis forces. November 1942- British turned Rommel back at El Alameinpreventing Germans from capturing Suez Canal American, British and Canadian troops, led by American general Dwight D. Eisenhower. Landed in Algeria and Morocco (Nov. 8, 1942. The inexperienced troops met defeat in Tunisia. May 1943: Backed by the British air and naval power, American general George Patton, closed in on Rommel and drove the Germans out of North Africa. The Invasion of Italy Using bases in North Africa, Allies launched an invasion of southern Europe. Took island of Sicily (Summer 1943): Landed on Italian mainland in September. Italians overthrew dictator, Benito Mussolini, and surrendered to the Allies. German forces in Italy continued to fight. Although Allies met fierce resistance in town of Monte Cassino and were pinned down on the beaches of Anzio by German forces for 4 months, they finally broke through German lines and advanced toward Rome. They liberated Rome in June 1944. Air War Over Germany Fighting rages in North Africa and Italy. Allies launch an air war against Germany. Summer of 1942: British and American Air Forces launch a massive bombing campaign against Germany. Hundreds of American bombers pound German factories and cities by day. British bombers pound them by night. Massive destruction- deaths of thousands of German civilians. Raids on port of Hamburg created a tower of fire that engulfed the city- More than 30,000 people died in the raids. Germany still was determined to win the war. The Tide Turns in Europe Soviets and Germans locked in ferocious combat. Soviet Union taking main force of Germany’s European war effort for months. The Eastern Front September 1941- Germans surrounded Leningrad- Began a siege (military blockade) that lasted nearly 900 days. After Germans won Stalingrad (spring 1942), Soviet forces surrounded the city, cutting off German supply lines. Cold and starving, the troops fought until February 1943, and the army finally surrendered. The Invasion of France While the Soviets pushed toward Germany from the east, the Allies planned a massive invasion from the west- into France. Operation Overload- Commander of Allied forces- General Dwight D. Eisenhower “All southern England was one vast military Planned to land troops on the French camp, crowded coast of Normandy on June 5. (rough seas forced a delay) with soldiers awaiting final June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Allied ships landed on coast of Normandy. word to go.” Within a few weeks, Allies had landed a million troops in France. They -Eisenhower pushed across France. On August 25, French and American soldiers marched through joyful crowds and liberated Paris. Victory in Europe Germany Germany fought for survival on two fronts. December 16, 1944- Germans mounted a last, desperate offensive- a surprise attack along the 50 mile front in Belgium. Battle of the Bulge- Germans drove troops and artillery deep into a bulge in the Allied lines; Allies pushed Germans back. This battle resulted in more than 100,000 casualties. Marked the end of serious German resistance. By mid-April 1945- soviets surrounded Berlin (German capital.) May 7, 1945- Germany signed an unconditional surrender- ending war in Europe. May 8- “V-E” Day- Victory in Europe. Hitler (who had spent the final months of the war in an underground bunker) realized the situation was hopeless and committed suicide. Death of a President February 1945- president Franklin Roosevelt had traveled to Yalta in the Soviet Union to meet with Churchill and Stalin. He died suddenly after returning home- April 12, 1945 When Vice President Harry S. Truman asked Eleanor Roosevelt if there was anything he could do for her, she said: “Is there anything we can do for you? You are the one in trouble now.” The Holocaust Concentration camps – prison camps for civilians As the Allies liberated areas that had been under German control, they found evidence of Nazi brutality. “I watched a family of about eight persons . . . [A soldier] instructed them to go behind the earth mound. . .They went down into the pit, lined themselves up against the previous victims and were shot.” In the largest camp, Auschwitz (Poland) Nazis killed between 1 and 2 million people; As many as 6 million Jews died in the Holocaust. (Others included Soviet prisoners of war, Poles, Gypsies, and people with handicaps. -Witness of massacre of Russian Jews “Across the sandy clearing is the incinerator, but it ran out of fuel. A rough record by the chief burner of bodies records 17,000 burned last month. They say each body was roughly clubbed as it went in.” -British Reporter, R.W. Thompson In Remembrance United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, DC; National WWII Memorial- dedicated to all who served during the war. Section 5 War in the Pacific Pacific Front On December 7,, 1941- The same day the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor- Japanese bombers struck American airfields in the Philippines, and on islands of Wake and Guam- key bases in the Pacific. Then, they invaded Thailand and Malaya and captured Guam, Wake Island and British colony of Hong Kong. Japanese troops had landed in Philippines and taken the capital of Manila. Filipino and American troops- commanded by American general Douglas MacArthur- had to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula west of Manila and an island called Corregidor. Philippines Fall After months of fighting, Allied troops in Bataan surrendered. Allies on Corregidor held out for another month. Japanese forced their Bataan prisoners to march to a prison camp more than 60 miles away. Bataan Death March About 76,000 prisoners started out, only 54,000 reached the camp. “Anybody that could walk, they forced ‘em into line . . . If you fell out to the side, you were either shot by the guards or you were bayoneted [stabbed] and left there.” -Survivor of the Bataan Death March “Two months before the surrender, General MacArthur had left for Australia to take command of the Allied forces in the Pacific. MacArthur promised the Filipinos, ‘I shall return.’ ” -TAJ Because of the many victories of the Japanese, American morale was low. Island Hopping Attacking and capturing certain key islands. Then, the U.S. could use these islands to “leapfrog: to othersmoving closer to the Philippines and to Japan. The U.S. was ready to go on the offensive against Japan. Commanders General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitzadopted a strategy known as island hopping. Between August 1942 and February 1943, Americans engaged in one of the most vicious campaigns of the war- to take control of Guadalcanal- June 1944, Americans captured Guam and other nearby islands. Guam provided a base for launching bombing strikes on Japan. In Battle of Leyte Gulf (Biggest naval battle in history) in the Philippines- Americans destroyed most of the Japanese Fleet. The Advance on Japan American forces seized island of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. American bombers pounded Tokyo and other Japanese cities. Japanese sent out kamikazes – suicide pilots- that crashed planes loaded with explosives into American ships. Japanese refused to surrender. Their refusal led the U.S. to use a powerful new weapon. After German-born physicist, Albert Einstein warned President Roosevelt that the Nazis might use the energy of an atom to build an “extremely powerful bomb”, Roosevelt had created the Manhattan Project- to build such a bomb. Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration- warned the Japanese that if they did not surrender, they would face “prompt and utter destruction.” The Atomic bomb They did not surrender, so Truman ordered the use of the bomb. August 6, 1945, an American bomberthe Enola Gay- dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. The destruction was so overwhelming that Japan surrendered. Enola Gay and the Atom Bomb More Destruction Effects . The War Ends Japanese agreed to surrender: August 15, 1945. V-J Day- “Victory over Japan” Japan signed the formal surrender on September 2 aboard the battle ship the U.S.S. Missouri. World War II had finally ended. In years after the war, Allies put Nazi and Japanese leaders on trial in Nuremberg, Germany and Tokyo. (Nuremberg Trials) The Cost of the War The most destructive conflict in history. More than 40 million died- more than half were civilians killed by bombing, starvation, disease, torture and murder. American casualties- about 322,000 dead- 800,000 injured; soviet Union suffered more than 20 million deaths.