Download Ch27: A World Conflict

CH27: A WORLD
CONFLICT
Section 1: Mobilizing for defense
CONVERTING TO WARTIME
 Arsenal of democracy – conversion to wartime industry
 Rationing – system of coupons
 Producing for ourselves as well as allies
 By 1942 our production equaled that of Germany, Italy, and Japan
combined
 Production of warships
WOMEN AND THE ARMED
FORCES
 Army WACS, Navy WAVES, Coast Guard SPARS, and women
marines
 Ferried military planes
WAVES
SPARS
RACIAL SEGREGATION
AND THE WAR
 1 million African Americans served in the armed forces – still
segregated
 Dorie Miller – Pearl Harbor
 Segregation would not end until 1949
Dorie Miller
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND
THE HOME FRONT
 A. Philip Randolph – black labor leader fought for racial equality
 Executive Order 8802 – FDR outlawed discrimination in the
federal government and defense factories
 Fair Employment Practices Committee was appointed to enforce
this policy
 Migration for South to North because of job opportunities
A. Philip Randolph
JAPANESE AMERICANS ARE
INTERNED
 West coast
 Suspicion
 1942 110,000 interned until 1944
 Still Japanese men signed up for military service, also in segregated
units
WOMEN AND THE WAR
EFFORT
 Took jobs in factories
 Worked in shipyards, airplane factories
 Doctors, dentists, chemists, lawyers
 Rosie the Riveter
 Black women also had job opportunities, including domestic
service
RAISING MONEY
 Borrowed from banks, corporations
 bonds
Section 2
The end of the beginning 1942
Battle of the Atlantic
 1942-1943
 German subs “wolf packs”
 Allies now could use radar (airplanes) and sonar (navy)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ehhy6044usQ
Success in Nor th Africa
 German and Italian forces commanded by General Erwin
Rommel. Goal was to control oil fields in the Middle East
 British used decoding machine ULTRA to learn of Rommel’s plan.
 Rommel failed to take Egypt
 Landing Nov. 8, 1942 – allies, including U.S., surprise attack
 Within three days Allies took back all of north Africa to the
borders of Tunisia.
 Germans wanted to launch counteroffensive in Tunisia only to be
surrounded by Allies
 At the same time, Russians broke
siege at Stalingrad and surrounded
German army and began pushing
westward.
 Ooops! How did Germany screw
up???
World War II & Latin
America
 1942, 21 Latin American countries broke off diplomatic relations
with Axis powers
 Some countries declared war on Axis powers
 Latin American countries provided war materials as well as troops
Active defense in the Pacific
 Japanese had made huge gains in the Pacific
 Allies had to refocus their attention in Pacific
 Japanese wanted bases
Raid on Tokyo
 General James B. Doolittle led B-25’s on attacks against mainland
 Showing Japanese what was to come
 Japanese established defensive perimeter – wanted to stop air-raids
and transports between U.S. and Australia.
Battle of Coral Sea
 May 1942 – Naval battle of aircraft carriers
 Carriers were not in sight of each other
 Air war
 Strategic victory for U.S. – stopped Japan’s drive toward Australia
Battle of Midway
 Japanese needed a base on Midway island
 We knew where Japanese were
 Japan suffered its 1st great naval defeat
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4pUD9qWKs8
Battle of Guadalcanal
 Part of Solomon islands and Japan wanted air base there
 Allies wanted islands to be able to get into the Philippines
 Aug 1942 – 20,000 marines landed
 At the same time, Japanese cruisers sank 4 allied cruisers leaving
marines without any supplies
 Hand to hand combat
 Japanese evacuated Feb. 1943
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQKJY43-LmE
The end of the beginning
 Churchill & Roosevelt met in Morocco to plan future operations
and how the war may end.
Section 3
Victory in Europe
Fall of Tunisia
 Rommel recalled to Germany, Hitler aware they could no longer
hold Africa
 May 1943 Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered
 http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/sarah_kaminsky.html
The Battle of Italy
 July 1943 – 250,000 Allied troops landed on Sicilian coastline
 German and Italian forces fled Sicily to go onto mainland Italy
 Mussolini forced to resign (eventually executed), new government
installed, and Italians wanted peace with Allies
 Armistice signed Sept. 3rd with Italians but Germans maintained a
stronghold in Italy
 June 1944 Allies entered Rome
Air War
 German’s focused on airborne attacks and producing airplanes
 Britain’s RAF also bombing Germany
 U.S. joined in carpet bombing
 British at night, Americans by day
 Pinpoint attacks – crucial targets
 B17 bombers – flying fortress
 Fighter eventually used to protect bombers
Carpet bombing
B17 – Flying For tress
D-Day
 Night of June 5, 1944, the largest landing by sea in history began as 4,600
invasion craft and war-ships slipped out of their harbors in southern England.
 1000 RAF bombers pounded German defenses at Normandy.
 Some 23,000 airborne British and American soldiers in a daring nighttime
maneuver, were dropped behind enemy lines.
 Around 150,000 Allied troops and their equipment began to come ashore of the
60 mile Normandy coast. Hitler feared a larger invasion at the narrowest part of
the English Channel near Calais. Nevertheless, German resistance at Normandy
was fierce. At Omaha Beach, the code name for one landing site, the Allies suffered
some 2,000 casualties. Within a week a half million men came ashore.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17jkQeus3uQ
Allies on the move
 Battle of Normandy invasion June 6 – July 24, landed 1 million
men and controlled 1500 square miles
 July 25th Patton’s army struck hard at Germans
 Paris liberated August 25th and then Germany forced out of
France
 German’s western border – Siegfried Line of Fortification
 Allies armies came to the German border from the West and
Russian troops converging on eastern border
Battle of the Bulge
 December 1944
 German’s last attempt to break Allies
 Struck Ardennes district of France
 German’s successful at first, created a bulge in Allied lines
 Saved by Patton and Montgomery reinforcing
 Heroic stand by 101st Airborn division who would not surrender
 German’s eventually forced back to Stalingrad line
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17jkQeus3uQ
Yalta
 February 1945 – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin
 Agree on plans for German’s surrender
 Split up, reparation and join in fighting Japanese
 But Stalin would not keep promises
Failure to take Berlin
 General Dwight D. Eisenhower stopped 50 miles west of Berlin
 This decision left Berlin in Russian hands
Death of Roosevelt
 April 12, 1945
 Ruptured blood vessel in his
brain
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h76zNhiuNNg
Ger many sur render
 Hitler committed suicide
 May 8, 1945 Germans signed unconditional surrender
 V-E Day
Section 4
The War in the Pacific
The str ug gle for the islands
 General Douglas MacArthur would advance through island of
Pacific
 Navy and marines conducted series of amphibious operations
 Island hoping to push Japanese back and take air bases
Iwo Jima
 One of the bloodiest battles of the war. 660 miles from Japan.
They had naval bases on the island that we wanted to destroy. BUT,
the closer to Japan we got, the more resistance.
 4 miles long, by 2 ½ miles wide.
 Orders were to take Mount Suribachi and Hill 382 and the
Amphitheatre.
November 1944, American bombers began to pound Iwo Jima from the air.
Mid February 1945, marines stormed the beaches from the ships offshore.
Eventually nearly 110,000 American troops were involved in the campaign.
 February 23th, flag was raised on Mount Suribachi.
 Although fewer than 25,000 Japanese opposed the Americans, it took
almost a month for the marines to secure the islands.
 Because of the bravery on the island, 27 medals of honor were given,
which was a quarter of all the medals given in WWII.
Okinawa
 Fought from April to June 1945, was equally bloody. Nearly
100,000 defenders occupied this island, which was little more than
350 miles from Japan itself. In June, when the Japanese resistance
finally ended after almost three months, only 7200 defenders
remained to surrender. For American forces, nearly 50,000 casualties
made the Battle of Okinawa the costliest engagement of the Pacific
war.
Retur n to Philippines
 Oct. 1944 landed ashore Leyte island
 Battle of Leyte Gulf – Japanese navy was knocked out of war
 Allies now able to land on main Philippine island of Luzon in Jan.
1945
 Fierce fighting until March 9th
 July 4, 1946 the Republic of Philippines was proclaimed
independent
Splitting the atom
 Scientists from all over the world including Albert Einstein worked
to completed the atomic bomb
 July 1945 New Mexico test
 Truman had to decide if he should use bomb or have troops
invade mainland
 Aug 6th Hiroshima, Aug 9th Nagasaki, Aug 14th surrender
test