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Allies Achieve Victory in Europe and the Pacific p. 484 Europe, March 1945: (2) • Allies cross the Rhine River into Germany • Soviet troops are closing on Berlin • April • Franklin Roosevelt passed away – _____ became US president – Harry Truman • American and Soviet troops met at the Elbe River in Germany • _______ committed suicide surrounded by Soviet troops in Berlin. • Adolf Hitler May V-E Day: • German leaders surrender unconditionally…..May 8 The focus in May now turned to the Pacific and Japan. • Bataan Death March: • Thousands of Filipino and American troops were captured near Manila. – They were brutally force-marched to inadequate prison camps. • Thousands died, some killed by guards. – Japanese guards also punished Filipinos who tried to give food and water to the marching prisoners. Island hopping: • Allies took some Japanese-held islands • useful for – harbors – installations – airbases • but bypassed others – That had no real purpose and were not dangerous to Allied shipping and communications). • This resulted in winning the Pacific war faster. General Douglas MacArthur: • US Army General in charge of the Pacific war in the South and West Pacific. • FDR ordered him out the Philippines before the fall in 1942. – EC: he promised Filipinos, “____” – “I shall return” Kamikaze: • Japanese suicide pilots who flew one-way missions to crash into Allied warships. • Approximately 2,800 Kamikaze attackers sunk 34 Navy ships, damaged 368 others, killed 4,900 sailors, and wounded over 4,800. The ultimate kamikaze • The “Ohka”, “cherry blossom” • piloted rocket bomb • US called it the “Baka”, “fool”. Japan was still dangerous. • The Allies would pay dearly if they tried a conventional invasion: (3) – 2 million-man army – Suicidal fanaticism • Kamikaze: • Japanese soldiers also preferred to fight to the death – surrender would dishonor their emperor and ancestors – Banzai charges – Pretending to be dead, wounded, or surrender and suddenly shooting or grenading Allied troops – Japanese troops and people fought harder and were more suicidal as the Allied forces got closer to Japan. Operation Olympic? • Allied planners considered an invasion of southern Japan that would cost at least 500,000 Allied lives…. • There was a less costly possibility….. American policy makers debated about using the atomic bomb on Japan: (2) • A devastating weapon, is it moral to use it? • To force Japan to surrender. – We would not let them kill our soldiers – We would just keep dropping A-bombs • If the US had the bomb first, it would stop Stalin’s communist expansion after the war. The Manhattan Project: • US’ secret operation to develop an atomic bomb. – Albert Einstein wrote a letter to Roosevelt, warning that Nazi Germany would develop one. • FDR approved funding of secret research and development centers to design and build an atomic weapon. – Germany surrendered before it made a bomb or the US could make and use one on it. Trinity • The atomic-bomb (plutonium version) was successfully tested at White Sands, New Mexico, in July, 1945 Hiroshima; Nagasaki: • Two Japanese cities on which the US dropped atomic bombs. • A uranium (natural) device exploded above the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945; “Little Boy” • 70,000 were killed, as they did not take cover. – Many had no idea of the bomb’s power. – They did not think a single bomber was a danger. Hiroshima • How long did it take the bomb to reach the city once it was dropped? • How large was the fireball? • What were the temperatures under the fireball when the bomb detonated? • What happened to the people that were close to the fireball? • What did the shockwave from the explosion do? • What time was the local time the bomb dropped? Nagasaki: • A plutonium (man-made) device exploded above the city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945; “Fat Man” • US needed this bombing to study the power of a manmade material – It was more powerful than natural uranium. • 40,000 died. – Many took cover as news had spread about the bomb in Hiroshima….. • still, many did not take the news seriously. “Suffer the insufferable” • Emperor _________ decided to personally surrender on August 10th, • Hirohito – He asked the Japanese people to cooperate with the Allies, by radio, on August 14th. • Japanese nationalists tried to stop him, but failed. • The Japanese people prepared for great hardship….. – Destruction, unemployment, and food shortages. • They were surprised that the Americans were not vengeful as they began their occupation. Informal Surrender. • The Japanese government surrendered on August 15th. On American calendars it’s called ____ • V-J Day Atomic Bomb • As a 1945 U.S. citizen should the U.S. have dropped the Atomic Bomb on Japan? Explain. • As a citizen today should the U.S. use the Atomic Bomb in future conflicts? Explain. Map Skills • 2. Describe the extent of Japanese control in 1942. • By 1942, Japan controlled a large portion of the Pacific, SE Asia, and parts of northern and eastern China. • 3. How did geography make it difficult for Japan to maintain control of its empire? • Japan’s Empire was far-flung. • Many outposts on isolated islands – Difficult to supply and defend the empire. Standards Check, p. 485 • How did the Allied forces finally defeat the Germans? • Germany lost because: – Location – Poor decisions by Hitler – Superior US industrial capacity Standards Check, p. 486 • What strategy did General MacArthur use to fight the Japanese in the Pacific? • Island-hopping Image, p. 486 • Why might the scientists who created the bomb have counseled leaders not to use it? • They were worried about the harm and destruction it might cause. Standards Check, p. 487 • What strategies did the Allies use to end the war with Japan? • The Americans dropped two atomic bombs on Japan • The Soviets invaded Manchuria