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■ Essential Question: –What were the major events of World War II from 1942 to 1945? ■ Warm Up Question: From 1939 to 1942, the Axis Powers dominated Europe, North Africa, & Asia Germany used blitzkrieg tactics to dominate Eastern & Western Europe England was wounded Hitler broke the from German attacks in Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression the Battle of Britain Pact & marched into Russia The German & Italian armies dominated Northern Africa, threatened the Suez Canal & the oil fields in the Middle East The Japanese dominated Asia, crippled the U.S. navy after the Pearl Harbor attack, & seized most Western colonies in the Pacific However, the Allied Powers began to turn the tide of the war in 1942 & defeated the Axis Powers by 1945 American & British troops invaded Italy, took Sicily in 1943, seized Rome in 1944 The Alliesthe defeated Germany Instead, Britain & USA When USA entered Mussolini wasAxis at the Battle of El Alamein WWII, Stalin wanted the In 1945, agreed to fight the captured & executed by inAllies 1942to&open thenapushed Westernthe Powers in North Africa Axis&Powers out of Africa Front divide German army the Italian (Stalinresistance was angry ) Meanwhile, the Soviet army The defeated The Soviet victory at Stalingrad wasSoviets a turning point stopped German attack the German army at in Worldthe War II because theatRussians began pushing Moscow & Leningrad in 1942 theEast Battle Stalingrad towards Germany from the by of 1943 In 1943, Joseph Stalin (USSR), At the Tehran Franklin Roosevelt (USA), & Conference, the “Big Winston Churchill (Britain) Three” agreed to open met in Tehran to coordinate a second front to divide a plan to defeat Germany the German army By 1944, the Allies decided to open a Western Front by invading Nazi-occupied France Operation Overlord (called D-Day) in June 1944 was the largest land & sea attack in history …and allowedinvasion the At the same time, the Soviet The Normandy Allies push but towards army pushed from the East was to deadly, the Germany from the West Allied victory created a Western Front… Forced to fight a two-front war, By March 1945, the Hitler ordered a massive Allies were fighting in counter-attack at the Germany & pushing Battle of the Bulge..but lost towards Berlin In February 1945, the Stalin agreed to send troops “Big Three” met at the to help the U.S. invade Japan Yalta Conference to They agreed to allow selfcreate a plan for Europe determination (free elections) after the war was over in nations freed from Nazi rule They agreed to occupy Germany after the war They agreed to create & join a United Nations As the Allies pushed into Germany & Poland, troops discovered & liberated concentration & death camps Persecution The Nazi plan for dealing with the “Jewish Question” evolved in three steps: 1. Expulsion: Get them out of Germany 2. Containment: Put them all together in one place – namely ghettos 3. Annihilation: “Final Solution” Persecution Kristallnacht was the “Night of Broken Glass” on November 9-10, 1938 Germans attacked synagogues and Jewish homes and businesses The “Final Solution” In January 1942, Himmler decided to change tactics once again and called a special conference at Wannsee. At this conference, it was decided that the existing methods were too inefficient and that a new “Final Solution” was necessary. Final Solution The Nazis aimed to control the Jewish population by forcing them to live in areas that were designated for Jews only, called ghettos. Ghettos were established across all of occupied Europe, especially in areas where there was already a large Jewish population. Final Solution Death camps were the means the Nazis used to achieve the “final solution.” There were six death camps: AuschwitzBirkenau, Treblinka, Chelmno, Sobibor, Majdanek, and Belzec. Each used gas chambers to murder the Jews. At Auschwitz prisoners were told the gas chambers were “showers.” Where were the Death Camps built? The work of the Einsatzgruppen Why do you think that they located them here? The Gas Chambers The Nazis would force large groups of prisoners into small cement rooms and drop canisters of Zyklon B, or prussic acid, in its crystal form through small holes in the roof. These gas chambers were sometimes disguised as showers or bathing houses. The SS would try and pack up to 2,000 people into this gas chamber. Final Solution There were many concentration and labor camps where many people died from exposure to the elements, lack of food, extreme working conditions, torture, and execution. Number by Number—6 years 1939: WWII begins when Germany invades Poland 6,000,000+ Jews were murdered -1,500,000+ Jewish children were murdered 5,000,000+ others were killed 1945: WWII ends when Germany (May 8) and Japan (August 14) surrender Jewish Death Statistics In April 1945, the Soviet army captured Berlin On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide On May 9, 1945, the German government signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies The world celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe) While the war was coming to an end in Europe, the Allies continued to fight the Japanese in the Pacific After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the USA sent troops to the Pacific theater The Pacific war revealed a new kind of fighting by using aircraft carriers The turning point in the war in the Pacific came at the Battle of Midway After Midway, the Allies began to regain islands controlled by Japan Japan did not play by traditional rules in war “Kamikaze” pilots flew planes into battleships & aircraft carriers Japanese soldiers refused to surrender & tortured Allied prisoners of war The problem for the Allies was the time & troops it would cost to retake the thousands of islands the Japanese controlled in the Pacific The U.S. developed an island-hopping strategy to skip the heavily defended islands & seize islands close to Japan From 1943 to 1945, the Allies took back the Philippines & were movingtook in on Japan The fight for Guadalcanal 6 months & cost 25,000 Japanese & 2,000 U.S. lives In 1945, the Allies won the islands of Iwo Jima & Okinawa From these islands, the U.S. began firebombing Japanese cities Aerial Victims view ofof Tokyo Tokyo firebombing during bombing Despite losing control of the Pacific & withstanding firebomb attacks, Japan refused to surrender By May 1945, the war in Europe was over & U.S. began preparing for a land invasion of Japan …But, perhaps a land invasion was not necessary… In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt about the potential to build a nuclear weapon FDR created a top-secret program called the Manhattan Project In July 1945, the bomb was The bomb was constructed successfully tested in at Los Alamos, a secret city Oak Ridge, TNProject Trinity NewinMexico during Physicist Enrico Fermi at the Nuclear plant in Hanford, WA University of Chicago developed In April 945, FDR died & his VP Harry Truman developed the plutonium the nuclear reaction had to decide how to end the war in the Pacific How to End the War? Critical Thinking Activity ■ Assume the role of an advisor to President Truman & help him decide how to end the war: –Identify the main problem –Brainstorm possible alternatives to solve the problem –For each possibility, think of one positive & one negative consequence –Identify the one best solution & be prepared to present your advice In July 1945, the Truman learned the atomic Big Three met at the bomb was ready & issued the Potsdam Conference to Potsdam Declaration to Japan: discuss the end of WWII “surrender or face destruction” When Japan refused to surrender, Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 After 3 days, Japan did not surrender so a 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki After the second atomic bomb, Emperor Hirohito agreed to a surrender World War II was over Conclusions: The Impact of World War II ■ World War II was the biggest, most deadly, & most impactful war in world history: –Europe was destroyed by the war & lost its place as the epicenter of power in the world –The USA & USSR emerged as super powers & rivals competing for influence in the world –A United Nations was formed to replace the League of Nations to help promote peace –Colonized nation began to demand independence from Europeans